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web I. INTRODUCTION The Ixtlera region is a semi-arid area covering 155 000 square kilometres in north-eastern Mexico, spanning parts of the states of San Luis Potos'i, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Nuevo Le " on and Tamaulipas (the last three share a border with the United States). The region is home to industrial cities and high-yielding agricultural and mining areas, as well as to poor, marginalized communities whose productive resources are limited owing to the scarce supply of water. The interim evaluation mission for the Development Project for Marginal Rural Communities in the Ixtlera Region (also known as the "Ixtlera project") conducted its field work from 5 to 30 October 1998. The mission used an evaluation methodology based on a representative sample. Eighty-nine of the 828 communities served by the project were visited; they were selected on a random basis and were spread across 23 of the 36 Ixtlera municipalities. During these visits, some 900 residents were interviewed.

Field data were discussed with the executing units, university professors, and staff of public and private-sector agencies; the review was rounded out by an analysis of the ample information available at the project executing unit. Design of the Ixtlera Project The Ixtlera project was designed in accordance with the IFAD strategy agreed upon with the Secretariat of Programming and Budget and Nacional Financiera in 1988, namely: (i) support the decentralization of assistance to the poorest of the rural communities by way of state-endorsed non-governmental organizations, which led to the selection of La Forestal as the executing agency for the project; (ii) promote the financing of rural development on the basis of effective recovery of investments and credit administered by Banco Nacional de Cr " edito Rural (BANRURAL); and ( ) foster diversification of poor farmers' output to include crops having greater market value, while ensuring the production of basic grains for self-consumption. II. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORM Mexico's socio-economic and institutional context has seen sweeping changes over the seven years of project implementation, in a way impossible to foresee when the project was originally designed and the loan agreement signed. The following paragraphs present a summary of the main changes. Article 27 of the Constitution was amended and national land-reform and water legislation was enacted in late 1992.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has had an impact on the agricultural sector by creating protective measures (such as PROCAMPO) and setting deadlines for deregulating trade in nine farm products, including maize, beans, wheat and oats, which are grown by Ixtlera farmers. The decentralization process has been changing the way in which financial resources are transferred from the national to local governments. The Emergency Economic Programme brought with it such measures as a floating exchange rate, radical adjustments to monetary and fiscal policy, and wage controls. These changes have had significant repercussions on project implementation.

For instance, La Forestal was replaced with Comisi " on Nacional de Zonas Aridas (CONAZA) as the executing agency; and BANRURAL decided to withdraw from managing the project's credit component. The fiscal adjustments implemented under the Emergency Economic Programme resulted in a paring back of the project's budget, as of 1995, to one half the amount spent annually in the two previous years. This meant: (i) reducing the number of communities served from 1 193 to 828; (ii) cutting back on investments, mainly in the area of water works; and ( ) downsizing the project's overall cost from USD 53.3 million to USD 41.1 million, with IFAD's financing remaining unchanged at USD 30 million equivalent, although the Government's contribution dropped from USD 23.3 million to USD 11.1 million.. THE PHYSICAL SETTING AND IXTLERA COMMUNITIES With its semi-arid climate, the Ixtlera region has a low rural-population density of 5.2 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is a reflection of the scarce natural resources available for production purposes. With rainfall sparse and erratic, and droughts not uncommon, the possibilities for rainfed agriculture are limited.

The targeted communities are situated mainly in areas having an annual average precipitation of between 200 and 500 mm. Area residents are, for the most part, poor farmers who live in scattered settlements that are connected by dirt roads or tracks that allow for vehicle traffic. The semi-arid expanses that they work hold only marginal agricultural potential. These farmers derive 15% of their income from dry farming, 40% from livestock-raising (mainly goats), 5% from the harvesting of ixtle, and the remaining 40% from salaried work outside the ejido (in this text, ejido and community are used as synonyms). During the frequent droughts (such as the one that coincided with project implementation in 1994-96), rainfed crops are lost, so livestock-raising and the harvesting of native plant species take on greater importance; there is also a surge in emigration as area residents leave in search of work. Between 1990 and 1997, 32% of the population of these communities left their ejidos in search of employment and better opportunities.

The five states involved in the project have made a major effort to provide these communities with basic services and infrastructure for rural development. The only shortcoming that can be cited is the low number of rural clinics; this is hindering some key initiatives to combat poverty, such as the Health, Food and Education Programme (PROGRESA), which is aimed at reducing undernourishment among pre-school children and nursing mothers. I. INTRODUCTION The Ixtlera region is a semi-arid area covering 155 000 square kilometres in north-eastern Mexico, spanning parts of the states of San Luis Potos'i, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Nuevo Le " on and Tamaulipas (the last three share a border with the United States). II. The only shortcoming that can be cited is the low number of rural clinics; this is hindering some key initiatives to combat poverty, such as the Health, Food and Education Programme (PROGRESA), which is aimed at reducing undernourishment among pre-school children and nursing mothers. web HELPING U.S. MANUFACTURERS PROSPER IN THE MEXICAN MARKET The Mexico Business Development Company (MBDC) is an American corporation, with manufacturing affiliates located at major crossing points along the U.S. -Mexico border and in Mexico's interior. Mexico Business Development Company has years of experience in the in-bond "maquiladora" industry, and has been instrumental in helping U.S. manufacturers from 20 to 200 employees move part or all of their labor intensive operations to Mexico. Our affiliates manufacture, package, assemble, and sew numerous products, including leather goods, luggage, electronic components, novelties, automobile aftermarket parts, disposable wear, fishing lures, orthopedic devices, gloves, computer peripherals, sports equipment, and plastic toys. U.S. clients for these services can be assured of quality control and a substantial savings in the labor cost of production.

Mexico Business Development Company specializes in helping U.S. manufacturers with limited knowledge of doing business in Mexico. Under these manufacturing arrangements, your company deals exclusively with U.S. corporations on the U.S. side of the border. Mexico Business Development Company affiliates will conduct your representatives on tours of Mexican facilities capable of meeting your production and pricing requirements. All MBDC affiliates are fluent in the English language. Mexico Business Development Company prides itself on helping its clients avoid the bureaucratic and governmental problems usually associated with cross-border and international manufacturing operations. Under these maquiladora arrangements, our clients can engage in comprehensive manufacturing operations in Mexico without the need to engage governments of either country.

Services connected with setup of "shelter" operations, sub-contract manufacturing, or "match-making" between you, the buyer, and the Mexico contractor are provided by Mexico Business Development Company at no cost to the client. Although most compensation under this type of arrangement is provided to Mexico Business Development Company by its Mexico affiliates, we do maintain an ongoing agency, or fiduciary relationship with our clients. In other words, we help you all the way. Mexico Business Development Company offers consultation services via phone, fax, mail, or Internet at no charge.

Customized consulting services for non-maquiladora related manufacturing arrangements are available upon request. web Mexico is basically a industrial nation trying to keep up with other countries in the same circumstance. The Mexican government has suffered several set backs in trying to achieve a stable economy and social structure. Labor in Mexico is growing but the government has done little in the way of programs that support the workers welfare or safty. This aspect of Mexican policy keeps Mexico from making that critical leap from industrial age to the Information age web Development Strategy Reconsidered. Mexico, 1960-94 in World Bank - Country Economics Department from World Bank - Country Economics Department T. Yanagihara and Y. Hisamatsu Abstract: In development strategy, the Mexican government has been politically inclined to favor agricultural or rural states over nonagricultural states - and less productive rural states over highly productive rural states - although its focus on the subsistence sector seems to have diminished recently.

Keywords: MEXICO; DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY; AGRICULTURE (search for similar items in EconPapers) JEL-codes: O 54 O 21 O 13 (search for similar items in EconPapers) Date: 1998 There are no downloads for this item, see the EconPapers FAQ for hints about obtaining the paper. Access Statistics for this paper More papers in World Bank - Country Economics Department from World Bank - Country Economics Department mexico had problems with trade in its exchange rate and protectionism from the US which has declined recently. The Benefits of Privatization: Evidence from Mexico No 6215 in NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc Rafael La Porta and Florencio Lopez-de-Silane Abstract: Criticisms of privatization have centered around the possibility that the observed higher profitability of privatized companies comes at the expense of the rest of society. In this paper we focus on two of the most likely channels for social losses: (1) increased prices as firms capitalize on the market power; and (2) layoffs and lower wages as firms seek to roll back generous labor contracts. Using data for all 218 non-financial privatizations that took place in Mexico between 1983 and 1991 we find that privatized firms quickly bridge the pre-privatization performance gap with industry-matched control groups. For example, privatization is followed by a 24 percentage point increase in the ratio of operating income to sales.

We roughly decompose those gains in profitability as follows: 10 percent of the increase is due to higher product prices; 33 percent of the increase represents a transfer from laid-off workers; and productivity gains account for the residual 57 percent. Transfers from society to the firm are partially offset by taxes which absorb slightly over half the gains in operating income. Finally, we also find evidence indicating that deregulation is associated with faster convergence to industry benchmarks. Abstract: In this paper, we examine the increase in the relative wages of skilled workers in Mexico during the 1980's.

We argue that rising wage inequality in Mexico is linked to capital inflows from abroad. The effect of these capital inflows, which correspond to an increase in outsourcing by multinationals from the United States and other Northern countries, is to shift production in Mexico towards relatively skill-intensive goods thereby increasing the relative demand for skilled labor. We study the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the share of skilled labor in total wages in Mexico using state-level data on two-digit industries from the Industrial Census for the period 1975 to 1988. We measure the state- level growth in FDI using data on the regional activities of foreign- owned assembly plants.

We find that growth in FDI is positively correlated with the relative demand for skilled labor. In the regions where FDI has been most concentrated, growth in FDI can account for over 50 percent of the increase in the skilled labor share of total wages that occurred during the late 1980's. Abstract: Agriculture plays a significant role in the economies of Central America and the Caribbean as a source of employment and export revenue. The role of agriculture in the region is nothing new, yet the nature of the relationship has changed in the past century, particulary when one considers the gradual insertion of the region's agricultural production into global markets.

This paper traces the ongoing globalisation of Central American and Caribbean agriculture by examining the role of technology and markets in underpinning output growth of a number of key crops, and the impact production of these export crops has had on regional land issues. real growth 1.4% u / e 4% In spite of lower wage growth, higher administered and agricultural prices pushed up headline inflation to 5.7 percent at end-2002, compared with the Bank of Mexico's (BOM) target of 4.5 percent. pollutive web Mexico HDI Rank: 54 BACK 1. Human development index Life expectancy at birth (years), 2000 view 72.6 Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above), 2000 view 91.4 Combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (%), 1999 view 71 GDP per capita ( $), 2000 view 9,023 Life expectancy index, 2000 view 0.79 Education index, 2000 view 0.84 GDP index, 2000 view 0.75 Human development index (HDI) value, 2000 view 0.796 GDP per capita ( US$) rank minus HDI rank, 2000 view 1 2. Human development index trends Human development index (HDI) value, 1975 view 0.689 Human development index (HDI) value, 1980 view 0.734 Human development index (HDI) value, 1985 view 0.752 Human development index (HDI) value, 1990 view 0.761 Human development index (HDI) value, 1995 view 0.774 Human development index (HDI) value, 2000 view 0.796 3. Human and income poverty: Developing countries Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank, 2000 view 11 Human poverty index (HPI-1) value (%), 2000 view 9.4 Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 1995-2000 view 8.3 Adult illiteracy rate (% age 15 and above), 2000 view 8.6% of population not using improved drinking water sources (%), 2000 view 14 Underweight children under age-five (%), 1995-2000 view 8 Population below income poverty line (%), $1 a day (1993 US$), 1983-2000 view 15.9 Population below income poverty line (%), $2 a day (1993 US$), 1983-2000 view 37.7 Population below income poverty line (%), national poverty line, 1987-2000 view 10.1 Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank minus income poverty rank, 2000 view -14 4. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Eastern Europe and the CIS Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank, 2000 view... Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%), 2000 view...

Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 1995-2000 view 18.9 People who are functionally illiterate (% age 16-65), 1994-98 view... Long-term unemployment (as % of labour force), 2000 view... Proportion of the population below 50% of median income, 1987-98 view 22.1 Proportion of the population below $11.00 a day (1994 US$), 1994-95 view... Proportion of the population below $4 a day (1990 US$), 1996-99 view... HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank view... 5.

Demographic trends Total population (millions), 1975 view 59.1 Total population (millions), 2000 view 98.9 Total population (millions), 2015 view 119.2 Annual population growth rate (%), 1975-2000 view 2.1 Annual population growth rate (%), 2000-2015 view 1.2 Urban population (as % of total), 1975 view 62.8 Urban population (as % of total), 2000 view 74.4 Urban population (as % of total), 2015 view 77.9 Population under age 15 (as % of total), 2000 view 33.1 Population under age 15 (as % of total), 2015 view 26.3 Population over age 65 (as % of total), 2000 view 4.7 Population over age 65 (as % of total), 2015 view 6.8 Total fertility rate (per woman), 1970-75 view 6.5 Total fertility rate (per woman), 1995-2000 view 2.8 6. Commitment to health: access, services and resources Population using adequate sanitation facilities (%), 2000 view 73 Population using improved water sources (%), 2000 view 86 Population with access to essential drugs (%), 1999 view... One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 1999 view 99 One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 1999 view 95 Oral rehydration therapy use rate (%), 1994-2000 view... Contraceptive prevalence (%), 1995-2000 view 67 Births attended by skilled health staff (%), 1995-2000 view 86 Physicians (per 100,000 people), 1990-99 view 186 Health expenditure, public (as % of GDP), 1998 view 2.6 Health expenditure, private (as % of GDP), 1998 view 2.8 Health expenditure per capita ( US$), 1998 view 236 7.

Leading global health crises and challenges Undernourished people (as % of total population), 1997/99 view 5 Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1995-2000 view 8 Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1995-2000 view 18 Infants with low birth-weight (%), 1995-2000 view 9 People living with HIV / AIDS, adults (% age 15-49), 2001 view 0.28 People living with HIV / AIDS, women (% age 15-49), 2001 view 32,000 People living with HIV / AIDS, children (% age 0-14), 2001 view 3,600 Malaria cases (per 100,000 people), 2000 view 6 1 Tuberculosis cases (per 100,000 people), 1999 view 16 Cigarette consumption per adult (annual average), 1992-2000 view 794 8. Survival: progress and setbacks Life expectancy at birth (years), 1970-75 view 62.4 Life expectancy at birth (years), 1995-2000 view 72.2 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970 view 79 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2000 view 25 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970 view 110 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2000 view 30 Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 1995-2000 view 80.8 Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 1995-2000 view 69.9 Maternal mortality ratio reported (per 100,000 live births), 1985-99 view 55 9. Commitment to education: public spending Public education expenditure (as % of GNP), 1985-87 view 3.5 Public education expenditure (as % of GNP), 1995-97 view 4.9 2 Public education expenditure (as % of total government expenditure), 1985-87 view... Public education expenditure (as % of total government expenditure), 1995-97 view 23.0 2 Pre-primary and primary public education expenditure (as % of all levels), 1985-86 view 31.5 3 Pre-primary and primary public education expenditure (as % of all levels), 1995-97 view 50.3 4 Secondary public education expenditure (as % of all levels), 1985-86 view 26.8 3 Secondary public education expenditure (as % of all levels), 1995-97 view 32.5 4 Tertiary public education expenditure (as % of all levels), 1985-86 view 17.6 3 Tertiary public education expenditure (as % of all levels), 1995-97 view 17.2 4 10.

Literacy and enrolment Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above), 1985 view 85.3 Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above), 2000 view 91.4 Youth literacy rate (% age 15 -24), 1985 view 93.9 Youth literacy rate (% age 15 -24), 2000 view 97.0 Net primary enrolment ratio (%), 1985-87 view 99 Net primary enrolment ratio (%), 1998 view 100 Net secondary enrolment ratio (%), 1985-87 view 46 Net secondary enrolment ratio (%), 1998 view 56 Children reaching grade 5 (%), 1995-97 view 86 Tertiary students in science, math and engineering (as % of all tertiary students), 1994-97 view 31 11. Technology: diffusion and creation Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 1990 view 65 Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 2000 view 125 Cellular mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people), 1990 view 1 Cellular mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2000 view 142 Internet hosts (per 1,000 people), 1990 view 0.1 Internet hosts (per 1,000 people), 2000 view 5.7 Patents granted to residents (per million people), 1998 view 1 Royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 2000 view 0.4 Research and development (R&D) expenditures (as % of GNP), 1990-2000 view 0.4 Scientist & engineers in R&D (per million people), 1990-2000 view 213 12. Economic performance GDP (US$ billions, ) 2000 view 574.5 GDP ( US$ billions), 2000 view 884.0 GDP per capita ( US$), 2000 view 9,023 GDP per capita annual growth rate (%), 1975-2000 view 0.9 GDP per capita annual growth rate (%), 1990-2000 view 1.4 GDP per capita, highest value during 1975-2000 ( US$) view 9,023 GDP per capita, year of highest value, 1975-2000 view 2,000 Average annual change in consumer price index (%), 1990-2000 view 19.4 Average annual change in consumer price index (%), 1999-2000 view 9.5 14. The structure of trade Imports of goods and services (as % of GDP), 1990 view 20 Imports of goods and services (as % of GDP), 2000 view 33 Exports of goods and services (as % of GDP), 1990 view 19 Exports of goods and services (as % of GDP), 2000 view 31 Primary exports (as % of merchandise exports), 1990 view 56 Primary exports (as % of merchandise exports), 2000 view 16 Manufacturing exports (as % of merchandise exports), 1990 view 43 Manufacturing exports (as % of merchandise exports), 2000 view 83 High technology exports (as % of manufactured exports), 1990 view 8 High technology exports (as % of manufactured exports), 2000 view 22 Terms of trade (1980 = 100), 1999 view 31 15. Flows of aid from DAC member countries Total net official development assistance (millions US$), 2000 view...

Official development assistance (ODA) (as % of GNI), 1990 view... Official development assistance (ODA) (as % of GNI), 2000 view... Official development assistance (per capita of donor country, 2000 US$), 1990 view... Official development assistance (per capita of donor country, 2000 US$), 2000 view...

ODA to least developed countries (as % of total), 1990 view... ODA to least developed countries (as % of total), 2000 view... Net grants by NGOs (as % of GNP), 1990 view... Net grants by NGOs (as % of GNP), 2000 view...

16. Flows of aid, private capital and debt Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2000 view -54.1 Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 1990 view -. 5 Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (as % of GDP), 1990 view 0.1 Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (as % of GDP), 2000 view (.) Net foreign direct investment inflows (as % of GDP), 1990 view 1.0 Net foreign direct investment inflows (as % of GDP), 2000 view 2.3 Other private flows (as % of GDP), 1990 view 2.1 Other private flows (as % of GDP), 2000 view -. 3 Total debt service (as % of GDP), 1990 view 4.3 Total debt service, (as % of GDP), 2000 view 10.1 Total debt service, (as % of exports of goods and services), 1990 view 20.7 Total debt service, (as % of exports of goods and services), 2000 view 30.2 17. Priorities in public spending Public expenditure on education (as % of GNP), 1985-87 view 3.5 Public expenditure on education (as % of GNP), 1995-97 view 4.9 5 Public expenditure on health (as % of GDP), 1990 view 1.8 Public expenditure on health (as % of GDP), 1998 view 2.6 Military expenditure (as % of GDP), 1990 view 0.4 Military expenditure (as % of GDP), 2000 view 0.5 Total debt service (as % of GDP), 1990 view 4.3 Total debt service (as % of GDP), 2000 view 10.1 18.

Unemployment in OECD countries Unemployed people (thousands), 2000 view 440.5 Unemployment rate (% of labour force), 2000 view 2.2 Average annual unemployment rate (% of labour force), 1990-2000 view 3.6 Female unemployment rate (as % of male rate), 2000 view 117 Youth unemployment rate (as % of labour force aged 15-24), 2000 view 4.4 Female youth unemployment female (as % of male rate), 2000 view 111 Female long-term unemployment (as % of total unemployment), 2000 view 2.0 Male long-term unemployment (as % of total unemployment), 2000 view 0.5 19. Energy and the environment Traditional fuel consumption (as % of total energy use), 1997 view 4.5 Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 1980 view 846 Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 1999 view 1,570 GDP per unit of energy use ( US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 1980 view 3.1 GDP per unit of energy use ( US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 1999 view 5.4 Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons), 1980 view 3.7 Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons), 1998 view 3.9 Share of world total carbon dioxide emissions (%), 1998 view 1.5 Ratification of Cartagena Protocol for Biosafety view m Ratification of Framework Convention on Climate Change view l Ratification of Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change view l Ratification of Convention on Biodiversity view l 20. Refugees and armaments Internally displaced persons (thousands), 2000 view NA Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 2000 view 18 Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 2000 view 2 Imports of conventional arms (US$ million), 1991 view 28 Imports of conventional arms (US$ million), 2000 view 13 Exports of conventional arms (US$ million), 1991 view... Exports of conventional arms (US$ million), 2000 view... Total armed forces (thousands), 2000 view 193 Total armed forces (index, 1985 = 100), 2000 view 149 22. Gender-related development index Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 2000 view 49 Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 2000 view 0.789 Female life expectancy at birth (years), 2000 view 76.0 Male life expectancy at birth (years), 2000 view 70.0 Female adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above), 2000 view 89.5 Male adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above), 2000 view 93.4 Male combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (%), 2000 view 70 Female combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (%), 2000 view 71 Female estimated earned income ( US$), 2000 view 4,978 Male estimated earned income ( US$), 2000 view 13,152 HDI rank minus GDI rank view 0 23.

Gender empowerment measure Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank, 2000 view 38 Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value, 2000 view 0.517 Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total) view 15.9 Female legislators, senior officials and managers (as % of total) view 24 Female professional and technical workers (as % of total) view 41 Ratio of estimated female to male earned income view 0.38 24. Gender inequality in education Female adult literacy rate (%), 2000 view 89.5 Adult literacy rate (female as % of male), 2000 view 96 Female youth literacy rate (%), 2000 view 96.5 Youth literacy rate (female as % of male), 2000 view 99 Female primary net enrolment ratio (%), 1998 view 100 Primary net enrolment ratio (female as % of male), 1998 view 101 Female secondary net enrolment ratio (%), 1998 view 56 Secondary net enrolment ratio (female as % of male), 1998 view 100 Female tertiary net enrolment ratio (%), 1998 view 18 Tertiary net enrolment ratio (female as % of male), 1998 view 93 25. Gender inequality in economic activity Female economic activity rate (% age 15 and above), 2000 view 39.4 Female economic activity rate (index, 1990 = 100), 2000 view 116 Female economic activity rate (as % of male rate), 2000 view 47 Female employment in agriculture (% of female labour force), 1995-2001 view 7 Male employment in agriculture (% of male labour force), 1995-2001 view 23 Female employment in industry (% of female labour force), 1995-2001 view 22 Male employment in industry (% of male labour force), 1995-2001 view 29 Female employment in services (% of female labour force), 1995-2001 view 71 Male employment in services (% of male labour force), 1995-2001 view 47 Female contributing family workers (as % of total), 1995-2000 view 49 Male contributing family workers (as % of total), 1995-2000 view 51 27. Women's political participation Year women received right to vote view 1,947 Year women received right to stand for election view 1,953 Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament view 1952 A Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 2000 view 11.1 Seats in lower house or single house held by women (as % of total) view 16.0 Seats in upper house or senate held by women (as % of total) view 15.6.