46 Chromosomes In Its Cells example essay topic

A condenser: during distillation the vapour passes through a tube that is cooled by water Fractional distillation: The process used to separate a mixture of several liquids, based on their different boiling points Aerobic respiration: chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism Anaerobic reparation: form of respiration in which energy is released from chemical reactions in which free oxygen takes no part Equation for combustion of an alcohol: R-OH (l) + O 2 (g) -- CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) Fermentation: In its strictest sense fermentation (scientifically called zymosis) is the energy-yielding anaerobic metabolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation. Fermentation yields lactate, acetic acid, ethanol, or some other simple product. Cell membrane: The outer boundary of the cell. The cell membrane helps control what substances enter or exit the cell Endoplasmic reticulum: network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm of a cell; involved in the production of phospholipids, proteins, and other functions. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes; smooth ER is not.

Golgi apparatus: An organelle in eukaryotic cells containing cells consisting of stacks of membranes that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes: Small cellular components composed of specialized ribosomal RNA and protein; site of protein synthesis. See ribonucleic acid Centriole: Paired cellular organelle which functions in the organization of the mitotic spindle during cell division in eukaryotes Mitochondria: The mitochondria are the principal energy source of the cell. Mitochondria convert nutrients into energy as well as doing many other specialized tasks Cytoplasm: the cellular substance outside the nucleus in which the cell's organelles are suspended Nucleus: the nucleus is an organelle, found in most eukaryotic cells, which contains most of the cell's genetic material. Nuclei have two primary functions: to control chemical reactions within the cytoplasm and to store information needed for cellular division Vacuoles: A membrane-enclosed sac taking up most of the interior of a mature plant cell and containing a variety of substances important in plant reproduction, growth, and development Chloroplasts: Disk-like organelles with a double membrane found in eukaryotic plant cells; contain and are the site of photosynthesis. ATP is generated during photosynthesis by chemosmosis. Cell wall Structure produced by some cells outside their cell membrane; variously composed of chitin, , or cellulose.

Organelle: specialized subcellular structure having a special function; e.g. mitochondria. 23/46 chromosomes: Egg and sperm cells contain 23 chromosomes, made up of 22 autosomes and either an X or a Y. When the egg and sperm join at conception, the baby will have 46 chromosomes in its cells, just like the parents Gene: the basic unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA nucleotides on a chromosome Genetic engineering: The artificial introduction of changes to the genes in a cell Chemical found in genes passed to next generation Chromosomes: Separate strands of genes, contained in the nucleus of a cell. Normally, chromosomes appear in corresponding pairs. A genome is made up of a complete set of paired chromosomes.

Mitosis: the process of cell replication by division. Meiosis: The process of two consecutive cell divisions in the diploid progenitors of sex cells. Meiosis results in four rather than two daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes DNA structure: The structure of DNA is illustrated by a right handed double helix, with about 10 nucleotide pairs per helical turn. Each spiral strand, composed of a sugar phosphate backbone and attached bases, is connected to a complementary strand by hydrogen bonding (non- covalent) between paired bases, adenine (A) with thymine (T) and guanine (G) with cytosine (C).

DNA: DNA carries the instructions for making all the structures and materials the body needs to function..