Advance Of Allied Armies On Germany example essay topic

British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill declared the Allied Victory at the Ardennes campaign, of which he dubbed the Battle of the Bulge, "undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever famous American Victory". Arguably so, as great a victory as it was for the Americans, it would go on to become an even greater victory for the Allies against Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler. The summer of 1944 had been a catastrophic one for Hitler and Germany. Loses at Normandy had greatly depleted equipment, manpower, and had lost ground to the invading Allied Forces (Keegan, 440). On September 16, Hitler made a "momentous decision" to make a counteroffensive out of the Ardennes to capture the Belgian city of Antwerp in an attempt to split the British armies in the north of Belgium and Holland, and US Armies in the south (Winton, par 4). Antwerp had been not ready for use by the Allies, but could turn into main port to supply for an offense into Germany (Keegan, 440).

His angle was that an offensive to halt the Allied advance was crucial, as the Western Theater would be the deciding factor in the war. This offense would be named Autumn Mist. The Ardennes had been deemed a secondary front (Keegan, 441) by the Allies, with a grossly unprepared defense of four American divisions who had either been inexperienced or the sufferers of heavy casualties from prior battles. The Allies had not gambled on an attack from Germany, as they had been in the planning of an attack on them. Even before Normandy, they were forewarned about a major counteroffensive by years end in an intercepted radio message from Japanese Ambassador to Germany Baron Hiroshi Oshima, reporting on a conversation he had with Hitler (Johnson, par. 1).

Supreme Allied Headquarters decided to keep the bulk of their forces in the north and south (Keegan, 441). This mistake would allow Hitler to still achieve his element of surprise. On December 16, some 300,000 men, 1,900 pieces of artillery, and almost 1,000 tanks and armored vehicles fell upon the unsuspecting forces and laid a barrage on them (Oxford, par 16). For many it had been their first encounter of combat, and they retreated along the front (Herdon, par 8). As the battle waged on, dozens of units were sent to the northern edge of the front, with the 101st Airborne being trucked throughout the night from Reims, reaching the town of Bastogne before the Germans (Oxford, par 25). Bastogne was a priority to the success of Hitler's Autumn Mist, with seven paved roads running through its center, leading to an intricate network of highways (Keegan, 445) running from that point into Belgium, and then onward towards Antwerp.

They formed a perimeter around Bastogne and held it out against the Germans. Unable to penetrate in, the Germans surrounded the city and cut off all roads leading in, creating the "Bulge". The 101st was without a supply line and were surrounded by German Artillery, but they still kept the German infantry from gaining access to Bastogne, creating an effective road block (Keegan, 445). The Sixth Panzer Army in the North had managed to gain ground, as well as the First Panzer Division and Fifth Panzer Army in the south. The Germans would overrun the American Outposts, but found that as they got closer, the fighting got tougher and tougher. This caused delays, and their tanks would begin to run low on fuel (Oxford, par 27).

German commanders had hoped to capture US Fuel Sites in Stave lot to replenish their vehicles onward to Antwerp. The soldiers of the 101st were engaged in fights throughout the hills, villages, and woods of Bastogne. The cold winter began to take its toll, and the unprepared soldiers, with no weather clothing or footwear, stuffed newspapers into their overcoats to keep warm (Oxford, par 28). Colds, frostbite, trench foot, and pneumonia started to inflict themselves on the men, where for day's intense combat centered in Bastogne. Still, along with soldiers from other units, they would hold their ground and fend off the Germans tanks.

Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe, commander of the 101st Airborne, received word of a German surrender party arriving outside the perimeter. The party was brought to him where they presented a surrender ultimatum, calling the 101st's position hopeless. General McAuliffe, upon hearing this, laughed and said "Us Surrender? Aw, nuts!" Hitler, upon hearing this, ordered the complete destruction of Bastogne and everyone in it (Herdon, par 12). In the south, General Patton and his third Army were bent on the rescue of Bastogne (Oxford, par 41). Patton, who had paid closer attention to the radio intelligence that had been intercepted prior, figured on what the Germans were planning and prepared his staff for it (Johnson, par 13).

Tanks from his Fourth Armored Division rid alongside infantry going north toward Bastogne. He and his Third Army covered more distance and encountered more enemy divisions in less time than any other Army in US history, causing him to tell General Eisenhower "This time the German has stuck his hand in a meat grinder, and I've got hold of the handle!" (Oxford, par 41). On December 23, as the cold front moved on past the Ardennes, US Army Air Force and Royal Air Force planes flew down on the Germans, bombing them and dropping off supplies to the troops in Bastogne. On December 26, Patton's Fourth Armored Division broke through the southern part of the Bulge and brought relief to the 101st Airborne (Keegan, 446).

The 101st, as proud as they were, claimed they "didn't need Patton to come and rescue them". The battle then would reach it's climax on December 26, as the Second US Armored Division would catch an out of fuel Second Panzer Division, halted in it's tracks (Oxford, par 44). Over 2,000 Germans would die, with their tanks, weapons, and vehicles destroyed by American artillery and infantry. German commanders ordered their men back, allowing the Americans to gain back ground. British General Montgomery would launch a counter attack against Hitler's "North Wind", his second offensive in the Ardennes. After this defeat, Hitler ordered the withdrawal of his leading Panzer divisions, allowing the American 82nd and the British 1st Airborne to make contact at the center of the Ardennes salient (Keegan, 446).

On January 16, the front had been restored and by the 28th, Patton's Third Army had rid the remaining German Units on the west bank of the Our River (Oxford, par 54). Autumn Mist had failed, and the Battle of the Bulge was over. It had lasted forty-three days and the US casualties numbered 80,000 to 100,000, with the Germans around the same amount, and the British casualty listing around 1,500 men (Winston, par 45). The Battle had served a crushing blow to Germany's fate. Hitler had inflicted major loses on his enemies, but these loses could be made good. Whereas the Britain had come to the end of its manpower, America had not (Keegan, 447).

In sharp contrast, no German loses could be made good. Its resources had been exhausted, and it's weapons manufacturing was in decline. Germany had lost more than 800 aircraft, leaving it without a viable air force (Oxford, par 65). Autumn Mist only delayed the advance of Allied armies on Germany (Overy, 177).

The western Armies recovered swiftly from the Ardennes campaign, which turned into a classic downfall of Hitler's in overestimating the strength of his own forces and underestimating the resolve of the American soldier (Oxford, par 66). Hitler's 'Last Gamble' as it came to be called gained him no ground as it was extremely short sighted, serving only to deplete his own manpower and armor. He had not reached Antwerp, and 28 of his divisions had been fought to a standstill, and then driven back into Germany (Oxford, par 66). Come March, the Rhine River would be the only barrier between the Allied Forces and Hitler himself.

Bibliography

Oxford, Edward, "Our Greatest Land Battle", American History, Vol. 29 (1995): 52 web Booted, "Corpses Thawing in Springtime: The Bulge Revisited", Virginia Quarterly Review, Vol.
71: (1995) 338, web Harold R, "The Battle of the Bulge", Military Review, Vol.
75: (1994-1995) 107, web Falk S.
The Battle of the Bulge Foreshadowed", Military Review, Vol. 75: (1994-1995) 110, web Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York-London: W.
W. Norton and Company, 1995) 117-Keegan, John, The Second World War (New York: Penguin Books, 1990) 436-447.