Animal Needs example essay topic

William James and Konrad Lorenz are at a caf'e in the middle of Piccadilly Circus having coffee, smoking cigars, deep in conversation. J: What say you about this Konrad, I have a Scotch terrier that used to live in the barn, and I recently moved him into my home. In the barn, he had this nasty little habit of burying things into the ground, and upon being moved into the house continued with the same behavior. After a few days, he eventually stopped trying to dig altogether. How would you explain this? L: I believe that your carpet was not the right stimulus for your beloved terrier.

An animal needs to have a specific stimulus in order to elicit a certain response; in this case, the dirt would elicit the digging. Because the dog was not in an environment that had dirt readily available to him to be able to dig, he had no need to do so. J: Okay, but why did he continue, if even for a few days, to try to dig into my carpet and deposit useless items such as gloves into the floor? L: He was so used to digging in your barn that he continued to do so in your house.

The intensity of the stimulus changed, so the response followed suit and changed as well. J: But that is like my fly-wheel of society, he kept on trying to dig into my carpet because he was used to doing it... but then that is considered to be a habit and not an instinct. L: It was instinctive for him to bury in the barn not only because he had the right stimulus to elicit the digging, but also what was he burying in the barn? Food, I suppose. I believe that if you take for example the concealment response of Cor vids, you will see that some animals purposely hide their food so that in the future, they can retrieve it if necessary. Because as you know of course, that unlike domestic animals, wild animals need to search for their food in order to survive.

Your terrier was doing as much in trying to hide his food in the barn, probably because there were other animals that were present and he assumed they might try to take his food. After having been in your home for a few days, he realized that there was no need to continue with the act of burying items such as gloves because it was useless. The items in the house would always remain so, and the dog need not try to hide them for later use. Let me ask you something now.

I have raised a lot of ducks in my life and have noticed that as ducklings they possess very small non-functional wings. Yet if you provoke it enough, the duckling will try to fight you as if it were an adult with full-grown wings. It is born with small wings but also the instinct to use its wings to fight, what do you think about this instinctive behavior? J: I believe that the duckling is using many different approaches to try and deter you, his attacker, from continuing your provocation. He has the same fighting response when he is older because he becomes partial to the response that he gave you.

He learns that using his wings is the most effective way in stopping an attack. L: So do you think that the practice of fighting with his wings is what encourages him to use the same response later in life? J: Why of course, the habit of fighting with his wings has developed and will remain with him for quite some time. L: Well then what about domestic pigeons, when reared in a tube-shaped case that prevent them from moving their wings, are able to fly just as well when released from the cage, if not better than those pigeons who were normally reared, and were allowed to practice moving their wings and flying? Why don't they need to practice moving their wings in order to fly? J: There is no need to practice because their instinct to fly ripens at a certain age.

Let's say in the case of pigeons, that age is between seven and ten days. After seven days, the pigeons would be able to fly because their instinct to do so has ripened. So that's why the pigeons in the cases were able to fly. L: But I had pigeons that were still able to fly after twenty-seven days of being retained in the cases. J: Then the window of opportunity to act on their instinct is probably longer. If you were to keep the pigeon in the case for a longer period of time, then he would probably not learn how to fly because the instinct to do so has faded away.

Take for example a child that is spoon fed for the first few days of its life rather being put to the breast. It will have a hard time learning how to suck because the window of opportunity for his instinct to suck has passed. L: I don't understand why you insist on using humans as subjects in this matter of instincts. Humans are much too intelligent and evolved to have many instincts at all because almost everything that they do is purposive rather than instinctive.

J: If not humans, then whom? You can't really ask an animal why it is that he does the things that he does. Besides, we all do things because it just the right thing to do at that particular time and place. All of our actions are a priori, and they need no proof because that is just how things are. L: That is not "just how things are". Humans, unlike animals do things with some sort of purpose in mind.

What is instinctive about finding a house to live in? Do we not search for a house with the intent of finding shelter to live in? How is that instinctive?