Basic Chemical Element For Life Water example essay topic

REVIEW UNIT 1-THE CELL LIFE There is no def. for life Life can be characterized by a list of things that we might agree living thing have in common-organized and contain complex chemical substances, Made up of one or more cells, Use Energy, Have a definite form& Limited size, Have a limited life Span, Grow, Respond to changes in the environment, Reproduce, Evolve over time. Metabolism is all the chemical reaction occuring in the cell of an organism All Living things must carry out processes to maintain life and homeostasis- Nutrition, Transport, Respiration, Synthesis and Assimilation, Growth, Excretion, Regulation, Reproduction, Metabolism. CHEMISTRY BASICS Atoms of the elements are the basic unit of matter and are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and in an atom. The number of protons and electrons is the same as the atomic number. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of, The outer most electrons of an atom are called valence electrons and are evolved in chemical bonding.

Covalent bonds between elements involve the sharing of a pair of electrons. Transferring an electron between atoms and then the pos. and neg. charged atoms bonding together by charge forms ionic bonds. 2 adjacent molecules sharing a hydrogen atom forms hydrogen bonds A chemical formula indicates the type and number of elements in a molecule. A structural formula indicates the type, number, and bonding between elements in a molecule. Chemical reaction are composed of reactants and products and the number of atom of elements of the reactants must equal the # of elements in the products, i.e. Chemical equations must be balanced in the number of elements.

Mixture are composed of different substances that are not chemically bonded, Mixtures where substances are mixed but exist as individual molecules are called solutions. The subs t. making up the bulk of the mixture is called the sol event and the other material (s) is called the solute (s). A liquid mixture where the material tends to stay is called suspension. very time the suspended materials do settle. A colloidal dispersion is liquid mixture where the suspended material par ticals are bigger than molecules, but do not ever settle. pH is a measure of hydro g ion concent. the larger the pH number the lower the hydro bond concentration.

Each whole pH indicates a 10 change in pH. Bases have a pH between 7 and 14 and acids have a pH below 7. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY All organic compounds contain carbon. Only a few compounds containing carbon are not organic such as carbon dioxide. Carbon's 4 valence electron and ability to for 4 covalent bonds allows it to be the basic chemical element for life. water is an essential component ot life due to the chemical props of water: Polar molecule due to strong electron attraction of oxygen.

Polar nature of water makes it a good solvent and ion conductors. Has a high cap ac. to hold heat. Water has high adhesion and is cohesive to many other substances which a cause capillary action. Molecules have groups of atoms that have a particular chemical fun. and are called fun. groups. Important fun. grumps in organic molecules include: Hydroxyl or alcohol (-OH), carbonyl or acid (-COOH), amine or base (-NH 2) Carbohydrates are complex compounds composed are carbon, hydro g and ox y having both a food (energy) and structural role in life as well as a component of other molecules. simplest form carbohydrate are recognized because they contain twice as many hydrogen's and oxygen's. Carbohydrate form polymers by dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides.

Starch is a Polymer of glucose. Carbohydrate polymers can be broken down into monosaccharides by hydrolysis. Specific enzymes in organisms catalyze this relation. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Lipids are an important structural component of the cell membrane. fats are formed by dehydration synthesis between glyceryl and fatty acids. Glycerol is a 3 carbon atom with hydroxyl attached to each carbon. fatty acids are carbon chains with a carbonyl group attached. Fatty acids can be saturated (no cab on x 2 bonds) or unsaturated (1 or more carbon x 2 bonds) saturated fat general come from animals, are solid at room temp., and have been assoc. w / high chol est., strokes and hit. disease. Unsat. fats are general liq. at room temp. and in moderation are consid. part of a health diet. nucleic acids are composed of the elements care., hydro g., ox y., phosphorous, & nitro. Nucleic acids are DNA & RNA- composed of building blocks called nucleotides DNA adenine thymine Cytosine&Guanine, Rna Uracil substituted for Thymine DNA directs protein synthesis Through RNa & contains the genetic code. proteins are composed of care, hydro g, ox y, nitro and often Phosphorus and Sulfur.

ROLES OF PROTEIN Strucural hormonal part of the immune system and as enzyme to assist chemical reactions. #of Protein is virtually um limited. Strucural units of protein are 20 diff, amino acids. Amino acids are held's together by peptide bonds. long chain of amino acids (polypeptide) form a protein. largest protein contains over 10,000 amino acids. enzymes are proteins that preform as catalysts in the by to complete certain chemical reactions c 6 h 12 o 6 = 6 o 2 = 6 h 2 o 6 to 2+12 h 2 oR EVIEW PART 2 THE CELL prokaryotic-no internal membrane bad. struck. Bacteria Eukaryotic many kinds of membrane struts. Everything ext. bact. larger that pro. CELL STRUC. cell mem., cell wall (OP), nu c., Mito., ly so., golgi., cent, endo pla ratio., rib o., vacs., plastids (PO), nucleoli., cy to, micro tu., ., cilia., flag el., vesicles OSMOSIS-mat. moves the. cell mem. by passive and active means.

Pass. is osmosis. Cell surround environ. hypo hyper or isotonic. Act. ag ans. osmotic pressure. ORG OF CELLS INto LIVING THNGSORGANISM be: Uni cell. Colonial, Multi cell. -tissue w / spec fun. Anim.

Tiss. Epithelial (skin etc.) Connective (bone etc.) blood, nerve, Muscle. RESPIR org's. nd. e neg. for meta bol. ATP NADH FADE (ADP, NAD, FAD lw. energy. from of molecules Energy = carbs, prot., lips. occurs at CYTO anaerobic aerobic- mitochondria 36 ATP for every mole. of glucose. fats pro. x 2 of Atp of carbs. UNIT 3-BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.