Beginning Of The Industrial Revolution In England example essay topic

1. War of the Spanish Succession- (1701-14), conflict that arose out of the disputed succession to the throne of Spain following the death of the childless Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs. The battles raged across Europe for eleven years. In an effort to regulate the impending succession, to which there were three principal claimants, England, the Dutch Republic, and France signed the First Treaty of Partition, agreeing Prince Joseph Ferdinand, should inherit Spain. 2. War of the Austrian Succession- (1740-1748).

Maria Theresa of Austria succeeded her father Charles VI. She, as a woman, was seen as weak, and some other princes alleged rights to the thrown. The hostilities began with the invasion of Silesia by King Frederick II of Prussia and only ended with peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Most of the military interest of the war lies in the struggle of Prussia and Austria for Silesia. 3. Seven Year's War- (1754 and 1756-1763). decisive round in the Franco-British competition for colonial empire.

With the Treat of Paris (1763) France lost all its possessions on the mainland of North America and gave up most of its holdings in India as well. By 1763, Britain had realized its goal of monopolizing a vast trade and colonial empire for its benefit. 4. cottage workers- workers who were paid to work in villages. Worked in spurts where the man tended to drink after they were paid. 5. enclosure system- authorized the fencing of open fields in a given village and the division of the common in proportion to one's property in the open fields. It marked the completion of two major historical developments in England: the rise of market oriented estate agriculture and the emergence of a land less proletariat 6. domestic system- also known as the putting out system was a popular system of cloth production in Europe. It existed as early as the 1400's but was most prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries. Workers would work from home, manufacturing individual articles from raw materials, then bring them to a central place of business, such as a marketplace or a larger town, to be assembled and sold. 7. "spinsters"- widows and unmarried women who spun for their living 8. agricultural revolution- produced a transformation of human society brought about by the invention of the plow, making large scale agricultural production possible and leading to agrarian societies.

Many people call it the "dawn of civilization". During the same time period that the plow was invented, the wheel, writing, and numbers were also invented. 9. mercantilism- a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state. What distinguished English mercantilism was the unusual idea that government economic regulations could and should serve the private interests of individuals and groups as well as the public needs of the state. 10. the "asiento"- Spain was compelled to give Britain control of the lucrative West African slave trade.

11. Industrial Revolution- the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. Workers became more productive and since more items were manufactured, prices dropped, making exclusive and hard to make items available to the poor. The big new cotton mills marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England.

By 1831 the largely mechanized cotton textile industry towered above all others. 12. protective tariff- a tariff or duty tax placed in imports, usually calculated as a percent of the price charged for the goods by foreign suppliers. Established by Hamilton which forced overseas manufacturers who wanted to access the U.S. markets to pay an import tax. 13. Chartist movement- The "People's Charter" drafted in 1838 by Lovett e, was the heart of a radical campaign for parliamentary reform of the inequities remaining after the Reform Act of 1832.14. energy crisis of the eighteenth century- the shortage of energy had become particularly severe in England. Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval England had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.

Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron. 15. real wages- income of an individual, organization, or country, after taking into consideration the effects of inflation on purchasing power. 16. "body linen"- underwear made from expensive linen cloth 17. Jethro Tull- major pioneer in the modernization of agriculture. Tull published his ideas about farming and plant nutrition 18.

Charles Townsend- one of the pioneers of English agricultural improvement. He learned about the turnips and clover while serving as English ambassador to Holland. He used Dutch techniques. 19. Thomas Malthus- argued that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply. The only hope of warding off "positive checks" to population growth ash as war, famine, and disease was "prudential restraint" 20.

David Recardo- Recardo's depressing "iron law of wages" posited that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level, that is, wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving. 21. Andrew Ure- established a course of popular scientific lectures for working men in the city. he created public sensation through his books such as the "dictionary of chemistry" and "new system of geology". He became a chemist carrying out research for the British government and several private companies. 22. Crystal Palace- The famous industrial fair was held here, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.

23. Cartwright's power loom- the factories worked poorly at first, and handloom weavers continued to receive good wages until 1800. The power loom was created to save labor costs. 24. spinning jenny- invented by Hargreaves as a machine that would increase the production of threads and clothes. 25.

Zollverein- a customs union among the separate German states. Such a tariff union allowed goods to move w / o tariffs between the German member states. 26. Factory Act of 1833- It limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours, although the act made no effort to regulate the hours of work for children at home or in small business. 27. Combination Acts- it outlawed unions and strikes.

28. parish "apprentices" in cotton mills- unfortunate orphans were sent to factories to work and were owned by the authority of slave owners. 29. Henry Cort- developed the pudding furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. He also developed heavy duty, steam powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form. 30. James Hargreaves- invented his cotton spinning jenny about 1765.31.

James Watt- was drawn to a critical study of the steam engine. Repaired Newcomen engine by adding a separate condenser to reduce the waste of energy. 32. Friedrich List- reflected government's greater role in industrialization on the European continent than in England. List considered the growth of modern industry of the utmost importance because manufacturing was a primary means of increasing people's well being. 33.

George Stephenson- built an effective locomotive. In 1830, his "rocket" sped down the track of the just completed Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 mph. 34. Grand National Consolidated Trades Union-organized by Owen as one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions 35. Emile and Isaac Pereire- He founded both the Credit Fancier de France and the Society General du Credit Mobile. 36.

Friedrich Engels- the future revolutionary and colleague of Karl Marx, accepted and reinforced this pessimistic view. He published the "Condition of the Working Class in England" The new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers, according to Engels. 37. craft union- a labor union limited in membership to workers engaged in the same craft.