Cargo At The Port Of Long Beach example essay topic

History of the Port of Long Beach The San Pedro Bay breakwater began construction in 1899. This was to facilitate the building of the Port of Los Angeles. It served well as a breakwater for both ports. In 1909 the Los Angeles Dock and Terminal Company purchased about 800 acres of marshes and mudflats at the mouth of the Los Angeles River.

On June 24, 1911, in a grant from the State of California, the City of Long Beach was given the tideland areas in trust for the people of the state. The theory behind the tidelands was that although they were mostly shallow water, they could be dredged to make deep water. This provided as much fill as the port needed to make additional land and piers. The Tidelands Trust restricted the use of the land.

It also restricted what could be done with monies received from the different ventures allowed on the property. The money was only to be used for improving or maintaining harbor commerce and navigation, or for marine recreation or fisheries. By 1916 the Los Angeles Dock and Terminal Company declared bankruptcy and turned over all operations of the port to the City of Long Beach. The city then completed the dredging projects that were already underway including a channel and a turning basin. The following year a committee was formed to oversee harbor operations. It was the first Board of Harbor Commissioners.

In 1924 voters of Long Beach approved a five million dollar bond for use in improving the inner harbor area as well as beginning development of the outer harbor areas. The goal was to become a deep water port and by 1926, the Port of Long Beach did exactly that. The port handled eight hundred twenty-one ships and imported or exported a total of more that one million tons of cargo. Shortly thereafter, in 1928, construction began on new facilities to include new Piers A and B. At the same time, Pier 1 was reconstructed and a new transit building was completed on it.

The port then renamed Pier 1, "Municipal Wharf". Further construction of the San Pedro Bay breakwater began in 1932. The extension was to be three and one-half miles by authorization of the Federal River and Harbor Act of 1930. In 1936 oil was discovered in the harbor. The good thing about finding oil in the harbor was that the port then had a sizeable amount of capital to invest back into itself. With capital, the port could quickly produce world-class facilities in which to bring in the biggest customers without immediately reflecting the cost of such improvements back to the customer.

The first oil wells were erected in 1938 and produced income for the City and Port of Long Beach. A dredging project to build a land mass as big as nine city blocks began in 1939. Then, in 1940, the United States Navy was able to nail down the details of a purchase of one hundred acres of land on Terminal Island for the bargain price of one Dollar. The Navy used the property to establish a new naval station. The last leg of the San Pedro Bay breakwater began construction in 1941.

This two and one-half mile leg was worked on for two years until a stoppage was caused by World War II. By 1946 construction had resumed and by 1949 the breakwater was completed. Including the original structure and the first addition, it stretched more than eight miles across San Pedro Bay, and today protects the Port of Los Angeles, the Port of Long Beach, and the City of Long Beach. The drilling of oil in the harbor brought with it many gains.

The one hundred twenty-six harbor wells that were operating in 1943 produced seventeen thousand barrels of oil per day and earned ten million dollars that year. Subsidence is defined by the Columbia Encyclopedia as, "the lowering of a portion of the Earth's crust". This can be because the soft materials that make up the land get eroded away, or as in the case of the Port of Long Beach, it was the removal of oil that caused the sinking of the earth. By 1945 this sinking was a major concern. The average subsidence rate was one half to two feet per year. From 1936 to 1962, the center of the oil field had settled twenty-seven feet (Subsidence, 2003).

The port constructs dikes to control flooding and hire geologists and engineers to study the problem. In 1948 Pierpoint Landing called Pier F home and became the largest sport fishing operation in the world. Pierpoint Landing today attracts over two million anglers annually. The Port of Long Beach reached another first in 1949. Its Jacobsen Pilot Station installed a shore based radar system. This was the first of its kind in the western hemisphere.

Also in 1949, construction of 36 acre Pier E was completed and Pier B doubled in size (Port of Long Beach, 2002). In 1951 the Tidelands Grant of 1911 was amended to authorize half of the revenues from the oil pumped from the tidelands to be used for non-harbor projects. This caused quite a fuss. What should the city do with all of this cash freed by the amendment? They should give half of the oil money and all of the gas revenues to the State of California! Well, that is what the United States Supreme Court had to say about it.

By 1956 the state and the city finally came to an agreement. The City of Long Beach paid the state one hundred twenty million dollars and agreed to the fifty percent cut of the oil monies and all of the gas revenue. The engineers and the geologists figured it out. If they replace what they took from the ground with something that they have in abundance, they should be able to stop or slow the subsidence. So, in 1960, Operation "Big Squirt" commenced. It is a water injection idea that successfully halted subsidence.

The shipping industry has had its share of developments, but none as big as containerization. Sea-Land Services was the first shipping company to offer containerized cargo at the Port of Long Beach starting in 1962. Containerization is where the freight is loaded into twenty-foot long containers that are about as wide and tall as the trailer of semi-truck. When at their destination, instead of individual pieces of cargo being unloaded and stored for transfer, the containers are directly loaded from the ship to the tractor then to the long haul trucker or rail car. The maximum efficiency is obtained when a particular container never has to be opened until its final destination. This saves time energy and effort, maximizes profits for the shipping company and lowers prices for the consumer.

The three hundred ten acres that make up Pier J and Pier F were completed in 1965. These two piers used over thirty million cubic yards of fill. This was the largest landfill expansion in the world at the time. Only six years after the completion of Pier J the Port of Long Beach completed a seven point six million dollar expansion. This fifty-five acre terminal is used by Toyota to distribute automobiles throughout Southern California and the western United States. Starting in 1973 the Port of Long Beach earned at least three major awards from the American Association of Port Authorities Environmental award program.

The one in 1973 was for protection of the environment in matters including oil spill prevention and control, debris removal, harbor sewerage system, port beautification, vessel traffic control and water sampling. Another first, The Port of Long Beach was the first in the western hemisphere to earn this award. In 1979 Pier E's outdated break bulk terminals were converted to a more modern multipurpose cargo handling facility at a cost of twenty million dollars. The terminal, run by California United Terminals, can handle break bulk as well as containers, and roll on roll off cargoes. Also in 1979, Hanjin Container Lines adds its name to the long list of corporations that use the port. After normalization of United States relations with People's Republic of China in 1980, Port of Long Beach Officials visit China in hopes of stirring up some business.

The China Ocean Shipping Company, or COSCO as we see blazoned on so many containers, made the Port of Long Beach its first port of call in the United States. Throughout the 1980's more and more relaxed trade policies helped the port. No less than four new facilities were constructed in the 1980's. Another landfill expansion of Pier J, this time for one hundred forty-seven acres, brought the total added acreage to about four hundred fifty. In the 1990's, Hanjin, Toyota, Hyundai, Maersk Line, and Metropolitan Stevedore all expanded their terminals.

The 1990's also brought in the era of much larger container ships. The nickname for these giants is Post-Panamax. This name stems from the fact that most ships prior to these were build to ensure that they could fit through the Panama Canal. Ships that were built for the sole purpose of transpacific shipping would never need to so they were built with economies of scale in mind. The bigger ships needed to make fewer trips across the Pacific Ocean to carry the same amount of cargo. Some of these ships could carry in excess of fifty-five hundred TEU's.

A TEU is unit of measure equal to one twenty foot cargo container. Due to the fact that many large customers made Long Beach their home in the nineteen-nineties, the Port of Long Beach was the number one port in the United States for 1995 and 1996. Growth at the port has not stopped since it began. Finding oil on the grounds simply provided for a way for everyone to win.

The port did not need to be a burden on taxpayers, because it had the capital it needed to look into the future and complete many projects. From its humble beginnings of unloading redwood lumber onto the Municipal Pier, to the seven thousand six hundred acres that it is today, the Port of Long Beach has grown with its surroundings. Today companies that consider the Port of Long Beach their home are from countries around the world including: China, Mexico, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Japan among others. In 2003 the top imports were machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, clothing and toys.

The top exports for the same time were machinery, plastics, electrical equipment, meat, and chemicals (Port of Long Beach, 2005). The Port of Long Beach is the United States's e cond busiest seaport. It is the World's twelfth busiest container cargo port. If the history of the Port of Long Beach is any sign, it may be operating for another hundred years.

Bibliography

Subsidence". The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth edition, Columbia University Press, 2003".
About the port". Port of Long Beach, 2002".
Port of Long Beach". Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, 2005.