Casinos To The State Of Massachusetts example essay topic

Bay State in Trouble The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is in trouble. As the Big Dig gets closer to completion and the unemployment rate rises in the state, what are lawmakers doing to help boost the economy and close the deficit? Heading into the fiscal year 2005, Massachusetts is facing a record deficit of close to two billion dollars. Lawmakers on Beacon Hill are scrambling for solutions, but seem to be coming up empty handed.

With the elections drawing nearer and nearer, and local state contenders vying for seats in the state congress getting more competitive with one another, what can Massachusetts do about this economic crisis. A number of legislators from Massachusetts seem to have a solution to help Massachusetts out of this rut, and boost the struggling economy and job market. That solution is the introduction of legalized gambling and casinos to the state of Massachusetts. The legalization of casinos in Massachusetts would provide the state huge tax profits, provide thousands of jobs to a struggling market, help boost the states lagging tourism sector, drive local business upwards through millions of new visitors each year, and provide everyone (tourists & local citizens) with quality entertainment.

Throughout the twentieth century, legalized gambling has become an excellent source of entertainment. Proponents of gambling argue that casinos provide an outstanding source for job opportunities, direct revenue to state and local governments through taxes and fees, and increased tourism in the surrounding areas. Opponents of the controversial gambling topic focus on the attraction of an unwanted crowd, increased crime rate, and traffic congestion on state and local roadways. Both United States citizens and foreign tourists who want to experience the glitz and glamour of gambling can travel to remarkable Las Vegas or Atlantic City. For many years, Nevada and New Jersey were the headquarters of gambling in North America. However, the corporate gambling world got a facelift on February 15, 1992, when a new casino opened in the New England area that would change the entire legalized gambling world forever.

This casino would become the most "fantastic" gambling venue in the world. A Whole New Ballgame Foxwoods Resort and Casino, developed by the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Nation, has grown from a small casino to the largest casino in the world. Started in the rural, southeastern Connecticut town of Ledyard, the casino now employs well over 10,000 people and is the largest employer in the state of Connecticut. For years the tribe pushed for the casino, lobbying state and local government on how the casino would have such a great impact on Connecticut. Seeing that there were huge profits to be made in casinos, four years later in 1996, only miles down the road, the Mohegan Tribal Nation opened its Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville. Foxwoods Resort and Casino and Mohegan Sun have seen not only enormous individual success as casino since their openings but have provided New England with thousands of jobs, boost in tourism, and major cash flow for state and local governments.

But why is this important to Massachusetts's residents? Where do we (Massachusetts) fall into all of this? Can casinos save the state from this economic crisis it is currently in? And The Craze Begins... The bottom line is that people love to gamble.

The success of Las Vegas, the revitalization of Atlantic City, and the huge success of Indian run casinos are not without reason at all. People have a fascination with casinos and gambling. The popularity of the casino is becoming more and more popular everyday. The last few years the casino has become a craze. Las Vegas tourism has been booming in the last five years. In 1998 alone a little over 30 million people visited Las Vegas.

Five years later, in 2003 that number grew by over to percent to close to 35 million guests. The amount of money spent in Vegas in 1998 from a little over $24 billion to close to $33 billion in 2003. Huge conventions are being held in Las Vegas at their hotels boosting the states economy in 2003 by $6 billion, which has doubled since 1998. (The Center for Business and Economic Research, UNLV) These facts clearly show that the attraction of gambling and casinos have been on a steady rise the past couple years and it is only getting more popular. The gambling craze is becoming more and more visible to the American culture. Just take a look what is on TV during the week.

There are now reality shows about casinos (The American Casino), TV dramas airing on major networks about casinos (Las Vegas, NBC), and even investigative shows on as well (Court TV & TLC). The most recent craze is that of poker, in particular a game called "Texas No Limit Hold Em'". This has become publicized by the popular TV show called the World Series of Poker that airs weekly on ESPN. Poker is getting national spotlight, with celebrities such as Ben Affleck, Tobey Maguire, Ed Norton participating in tournaments. Professional poker players are becoming national celebrities thanks to TV. There is a lot of money to be made in gambling, and it is about time for Massachusetts to take advantage of this.

Local Residents Cash In Massachusetts's residents, in particular, have fallen in love with Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun. More residents of Massachusetts attend Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun per year than from any other state in the country. Massachusetts's residents flock to Connecticut weekly to try their chances at the casino, enjoy the first-class cuisine, relax during a weekend getaway, or maybe even go see a concert. Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun have developed into much more than just casinos. There is so much for people to do at casinos. Even young children now are welcome and can enjoy themselves in arcades, play areas, or movie theaters.

Instead of having to drive to Atlantic City or even make a voyage to Las Vegas, Massachusetts's residents can easily take a quick two-hour trip from Boston to Foxwoods or Mohegan Sun. And without a doubt, Massachusetts residents are definitely making the trip to Connecticut. Massachusetts's residents alone contributed over $800 million dollars last year alone at Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun. (Barrow, 2004, 6.) This number does not even include all of the money spent in other parts of the state by visitors. Dr. Clyde Barrow, professor at UMASS-Dartmouth and director of UMASS's Center for Policy analysis, sums up this "Massachusetts frenzy" simply by stating, "Massachusetts residents are basically writing a $116 million-a-year check to the Connecticut state treasury".

This is tax money that that is collected by the state of Connecticut last year from Massachusetts's residents who gambled at the two casinos. Why is Massachusetts letting surrounding states take residents hard earned money, when it could be put back into our states education system, Medicare system, or simply providing our state colleges with better facilities? The Possibilities are Endless Job opportunities have steadily grown at Foxwoods since opening in 1992. In fact, Mike Moore, Vice President of casino marketing for the resort, claims that when business opened it had only "planned to operate 16 hours a day and have 1,800 employees. (Spain, 1997, 29.) Now the world's largest casino "employs more than 10,000 people (largest employer in the state of CT), and its slot machines earn more than $58 million per month". (Fleischer, 7.) The week Foxwoods opened, Electric Boat Division, the single-largest employer at the time in Connecticut, laid off some 2,000 workers.

Foxwoods put 2,300 workers on the payroll in that same week. There is a reason people love to work for these huge resorts rather than work for a small local employer. These jobs come along with a lot more than just the cash. In reality, big casinos such as Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun give their employees a hefty benefits package. According to G. Michael Brown, the former president and chief executive officer of Foxwoods, their employee benefit packages provided, free medical insurance, free pharmaceuticals, free eye care, 410 k plans, short-term disability, paid sick leave, paid vacations, and extensive employee assistance program". (web) Free meals are also provided to all employees daily. Arising Issues So why isn't Massachusetts clearing land in Massachusetts, tearing down old buildings, and paving the way for the new generation of big-time casinos?

There are many legitimate issues why legalized gambling should be stopped. Opponents raise issue regarding gambling addiction. A federal study showed that 7.5 million Americans could be classified as problem gamblers. Locally in Massachusetts, there are already groups set up (Gamblers Anonymous) for people who have a problem and possible addiction to gambling.

In these groups, the addiction is addressed and others work with you (the gambler) to try to find a way around the addiction. Foxwoods supports local gambling anonymous groups and feel they are a good way to help people in trouble. In the area around Foxwoods, crime has risen at a steady rate. Ledyard estimates the problems from Foxwoods cost the town more than $2 million in the fiscal year 2001-2002. Property values have declined in and around the area.

When many think of casinos the idea of increased crime, prostitution, and drugs are a typical stereotype. Is this really will happen, will crime and drugs rise if a casino is put up in Massachusetts. It seems that anywhere that attracts more than 50,000 visitors a day whether it being a college or a sports stadium will have an increase in crime when you put that many people together at once. Now that we see some negative effects from bringing in casino, what is good about building large casinos in my community? As was stated earlier, Massachusetts's residents spend more than $800 million dollars alone at Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun. All this money that was poured into Connecticut's slot machines, also poured into their pockets.

Massachusetts is facing its largest deficit ever. The state is in a time of economic emergency. The state depended on the Democratic National Convention this summer to help the lagging economy. But unfortunately many local business owners, who hoped for cashing in during the week, came up empty handed and many lost a lot of business.

What is going on right now regarding casinos in Massachusetts? The Legal Side The casino debate in Massachusetts is a major divided issue. Some lawmakers are pushing for it while others refuse to think of the idea. The committee that reviews the casino proposals for the states is the The Joint Committee of Commerce & Labor from The 183rd General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Sen. Michael Morrissey (D-Quincy), who leads the committee that would take up a gambling bill, has been pushing a plan that would give the Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe, of Martha's Vineyard, the first chance to bid on a commercial casino in Southeastern Massachusetts. A bipartisan trio of state senators filed an amendment to the Senate's $115 million stimulus package Nov. 4, 2003 that called for two resort-type casinos and the granting of exclusive rights to slot machines to the state's four racetracks. Filed by Senate Minority Leader Brian Lees (R-Springfield), Sen. Richard Ti sei (R-Wakefield), and Sen. Joan Menard (D-Somerset), the bill was one of 127 amendments offered on the jobs bill. The sponsors said the plan could generate more than $400 million for the cash-strapped coffers of the state.

The proposal was withdrawn last November 6 due to lack of support. 'If those votes were there, those bills would have been trotted out here quicker than the ghost of Sea biscuit,' Sen. Robert Antonio ni (D-Leominster) told the State House News Service. (web) Another problem many local politicians have is that new casinos will pull money away from the state-run Lottery, which in Massachusetts generated $899 million last year for local aid distribution. Addressing the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce last June 12, Treasurer Cahill said, 'Casino gambling is wrong for Massachusetts... Any state that has casinos has seen a drop in the growth of lottery revenue. ' (web) On Mar. 31 last year, Gov. Mitt Romney announced a reversal of his stance on the expansion of legalized gambling.

His aides proposed the auction of five-year licenses to build three video slot-machine parlors in the state. Romney aides said the plan, which would claim 44 percent of slot revenues, could bring the short-term benefit of $300 million a year to help protect education and health programs from state budget cutbacks, while stopping short of full-scale casino gambling. The administration said it was scrapping its plan to try to collect $75 million from other states as a fee for Massachusetts NOT to authorize gambling. Casino operators said they had no interest in participating in such a deal. The House voted down the expansion of gambling in the state April 15.

The proposal to introduce 9,000 slot machines in six betting parlors was touted by supporters as a way to generate between $300 million to $400 million during tough budgetary times but the House rejected it by a vote of 95-59. A second proposal to install slots only at racetracks was also rejected by a vote of 86-65. (web) In the Days Ahead However things are starting to look on the bright side for the casino companies. The biggest roadblock on the casino development issue was House Speaker Tom Finneran. Speaker Finneran however, stepped down from his post in October 2004 to take a career in the private sector.

His "bailout from Beacon Hill is likely being watched with interest by local dog and horse track owners as well as casino executives thousands of miles away in Las Vegas boardrooms". (Van Voorhis, 2004) State Rep. Salvatore F. Di Masi (D-North End), who is set to take over as speaker pending a vote tomorrow, has not been known as a friend of gambling. State Sen. Michael Morrissey (D-Quincy), the Senate's point man on gambling, says gaming may be of less interest to Di Masi than it is to Senate President Robert Travaglini (D-East Boston), whose district includes Suffolk Downs and Wonderland. 'He doesn't have the vested interest - the Senate president has two tracks in his district. It's a lot of jobs. ' ' Under Finneran, gambling bills invariably went down to defeat, often by large margins.

Despite publicly deferring to state Rep. Daniel Bosley (D-North Adams) on many issues, Finneran was seen by gambling executives as pulling the strings on the anti-casino front. Gary Love man, head of Vegas-based Harrah's Entertainment, recently named Finneran as a primary obstacle to efforts by the company and others to bring casino gambling to Massachusetts. (Van Voorhis, 2004) Casino development is New England has come under much scrutiny. The main argument of developers is the enormous source of cash revenue coming back to the state in the form of taxes and fees. Charles T. Clotfelter makes a great analogy between a casino and a car in his article, The Promise of Public Revenue from Casinos". He writes, "To view a casino as a source of state revenue is a bit like viewing a recreational vehicle as a means of transportation.

While the RV will get you there in the same way that a car will, it also comes with a lot of extra baggage". The growth and development of casinos are a big change from what many are used to. There are many casino developers that want to get a piece of Massachusetts's huge gambling population. Gaming companies are making this a hot topic on Beacon Hill these days, lobbying members of the congress to push for approval of gaming in the state. In a six-month period alone, major gaming companies made moves in the Bay State, spending over $830,000 alone on lobbyists. Many of the local Native American Indian Tribes are hiring their own firms to represent them, including Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe and the Nipmuc Nation.

Private companies lobbying on Beacon Hill including mega giant corporation Harrah's, MGM, and even Trump Industries. (Gambling Magazine Online, 2003) One has to admit that the social costs do add up each year. For example, in 1995 alone, the regulatory expenses fro the state of Connecticut totaled $7.5 million. This was before Mohegan sun was even created, however, opponents must remember that these social costs are given right back to the state. Tax revenue dollars go to the states public safety, state agencies, healthcare, education, public works, state employee salaries, development, and almost any other thing you can think of paid by state governments. Imagine having an extra couple hundred million dollars to thrown around each year.

Regardless of all the tax revenues received by the state each year, opponents must also remember that casino are paying a yearly fee to operate slot machines in their venues. This yearly fee is upwards of over $100 million a year. Mohegan sun has a deal with the state of Connecticut giving them 25% off all slot machine revenues. According to Planning Magazine author Kathleen Mccormick, "Since slot machines were installed in 1993, the tribe (Mashantucket Pequot) has paid the state some $500 million" (McCormick) Local taxes that affect Foxwoods every year include property and real estate taxes. State taxes in 1994 alone totaled $5.9 million, according to G. Michael brown. This included payments for state unemployment tax, sales tax, boxing taxes, and room taxes.

Federal taxes equaled a total of $13.4 million. These taxes included FICA, Medicare, federal excise tax, unemployment taxes, and National Indian Gaming Tax. In yet another overlooked area, Foxwoods continues to generously donate money to help certain areas of the state. In the past two years, it has "sponsored an $18 million waterfront rehabilitation project in nearby Norwich and given $5 million to the Mystic Marine life Aquarium, $500,000 to the Hartford Ballet and $10 million to the Smithsonian's Institution's Museum of the American Indian" (McCormick, 1997) Foxwoods has also been a major sponsor of the Special Olympic World Games, contributed to the March of Dimes, YMCA, and hundreds of other charitable organizations. All of those are examples of "social costs" that have nothing to do with the gaming industry. Where Did Everyone Go?

Massachusetts is facing another problem. The states tourism is falling year by year. Numbers only suggest that tourism will keep falling at regular rate. (Figure 1) Even with Boston as the only "major" city in New England, Massachusetts still cannot attract visitors to the area, which is hurting local business. Compared to much more rural Connecticut, tourism is booming at an upward pace. In 1995 alone, tourism increased by 36 percent in the state of Connecticut.

Foxwoods Resort and Casino draws most of the attention, which is why "attendance at other tourist sites statewide decreased slightly in 1995". (Fleischer, 7) This overwhelming amount of people boosts the occupancy of local hotels in and around the casino. Visitors of the casino have to eat which throws more money into the pocket of local businesses. Foxwoods alone has 21 restaurants. Taking Responsibility A major concern of local residents is the major traffic congestion that will come with these mega resorts, which can be a problem and should be taken into consideration when planning a casino location in Massachusetts. The growing number of visitors to Foxwoods has caused the town of Ledyard and the state of Connecticut to experience some problems Traffic increases of as much as 300 percent have taken their toll on roads near Foxwoods.

Each day 35,000 to 55,000 casino visitors and 10,000 to 13,000 employees travel on the winding two lane roads bordered by stonewalls dating from before 1870. A statement involving traffic congestion made by William Haase, planning director for Ledyard, readily admits "instead of repaving every 11 or 12 years, we now have to do it every seven or eight. The deck and railing of an old bridge that was expected to last while now will have to be replaced by the town at a cost of $150,000". (McCormick, 1997) Nevertheless, this is not a problem Foxwoods refuses to address. Actually, the Mashantucket Pequot's have spent $15 million dollars to mitigate traffic since 1991 through road widening projects on state roads.

They have established a transit system that shuttle employees as far as 10 miles from home to work and carries visitors from the Amtrak and ferry stations on the shore, thereby minimizing traffic and the amount of vehicles taking up parking. They have converted their 200 vans and buses to natural gas and built a natural gas furling center that will serve surrounding communities. They have also established their own police, fire, and emergency departments. Some Insight... To actually see what the "regular" casino visitor thought about a move to the Bay State, a trip was taken to Foxwoods to see what information could be obtained. On Veterans Day, November 11th of this year, with a travel time of two hours to Foxwoods from Boston, an interview was soon to be underway.

On the way down, traffic was experienced when the resort was getting close. The resort is located about 8 miles down a winding one-lane road. A 10-minute drive down this road took about a frustrating 30 minutes. Finally, after locating the front entrance and using the valet service, this casino craze was becoming more visible and visible. Seeing how it was a holiday, the casino was packed front to back. Upon entering the poker room, all that could be seen was mayhem, people trying to get tables and employees arguing with customers.

It seems when people argue about gambling, things can get very heated and serious. The object of this trip was to find someone who could relate to my casino development idea. After playing a $. 25 slot machine, an older gentleman with his wife kindly said hello to me. The elderly couple was the Blooms from Hyde Park, MA (a neighborhood of Boston). David and Corrinne Bloom were in their 80's and were avid gamblers for many years.

Corrinne explained that, "we go to Vegas about three times a year and since we can't be there all the time, we drive down here (Foxwoods) about twice a month". David and Corrinne talked about their love and fascination with Foxwoods and this whole "gambling frenzy". David said "we are definitely slot junkies, I don't do the tables, I'm too old for that and can't think fast enough". The Blooms said they have been coming to Foxwoods since it's opening and when asked about Mohegan Sun, they simply answered, "we don't do that Mohegan place, we stick with what works (Foxwoods), we never had luck at Mohegan". David was then asked what he thought if Massachusetts were to legalize gambling and begin to build their own casinos. David and Corrine explained that their friends and themselves, love Foxwoods but there is still that factor that it is a two-hour drive from Boston.

David acknowledged, "we know a lot of senior citizens who drive down here weekly. It would be a blessing if there was a casino in our own backyard". They also remembered a year back when the casino issue was hot on Beacon Hill that they were hoping the bill would pass and save them some travel time. The Blooms were also quick to point out that this oil crisis was already beginning to hurt their casino voyages. "By the time we get down here, we are already $50 bucks down and I we even pulled a slot yet... I can't keep this up!" They explained they would definitely support a casino move to Massachusetts, citing they are tired of driving to CT and to NJ (they go about twice a year) and especially their long flight to Vegas, which they make a couple times per years as well.

David put it best when he said, "there is no reason in my mind at least, that Romney should not start building casinos in Massachusetts". He also stated there was a demand for it and more importantly it could help boost the state's economy and maybe at the same time bring down taxes a little too. The consensus that was gotten from David and Corrinne was one that was expected. Most residents of Massachusetts, especially senior citizens, have no desire to take a two-hour drive to Connecticut and spend their money. Massachusetts needs to make a move into this new "craze" and get themselves out of this debacle they have gotten themselves into. Will Bay States Ever Have A Casino?

There is plenty of room for Massachusetts to develop casino resorts in the state, so why haven't we acted yet? Point blank, there is no other business that will provide the state with these huge sums of money, thousands of quality jobs, and a huge boost to the state's local economy. So now where exactly is Massachusetts moving in this casino debate? More than eight years ago, Gov. William Weld stood triumphantly before a large crowd on the top steps of New Bedford City Hall, proclaiming a deal that would bring casino gambling to Massachusetts.

The smiles, cheers and handshakes didn't last long. The agreement to allow an American Indian tribe from Martha's Vineyard to operate a casino in the struggling coastal city later died after a string of political setbacks and bad luck. It was the closest the state has ever come to allowing casinos, and the debate while never disappearing dropped to a whisper in the economic boom of the years that followed. As was stated earlier the biggest setback in this battle was Thomas Finneran, now ex-Speaker of the House. That means good news for lobbyists and proponents of gambling, Finneran has left that public sector and is now working in the private sector.

State Rep. Brian Wallace (D-South Boston) is betting that 2005 could be the year Las Vegas-style wagering finally wins out. Wallace plans to file a bill next month that would open the Bay State to thousands of slot machines and maybe even a casino. The South Boston representative, who contends gambling revenue and taxes could head off painful budget cuts, says his newfound optimism is based on improving odds in the traditionally gambling-averse House. Wallace says adding as many as 1,500 slot machines to each of the state's four racetracks could pump $500 million into state coffers. 'There are a number of factors (that) point to the passage of some sort of gaming legislation in 2005,' ' Wallace said. (Van Voorhis, 2004) 'The question is not whether casino gambling legislation will be filed,' 's aid Carey Theil, head of dog-track foe Grey 2 K USA.

'The question is whether or not casino gambling is viable, and I don't think anyone has the answer at this point. ' ' Meanwhile, the number of rank-and-file lawmakers opposed to casinos and slot machines may be poised to drop. Nine representatives who had voted last year against a gambling proposal won't be back for the Legislature's upcoming session. People and lawmakers alike have decided they want casinos in Massachusetts. But lawmakers and big business men in CT want things to go a different way. They have no desire to give Massachusetts there money, which is very visible to lawmakers.

When the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs rejected the recent bid by the Nipmuc Nation tribe in Central Massachusetts for federal recognition, you could hear the ovation in Connecticut. The lead cheerleader was Connecticut's Attorney General Richard Blumenthal, a persistent critic of two Nipmuc tribes seeking recognition because of what Blumenthal saw as the tribe's attempt to gain recognition only to begin the process of building competing casino entertainment venues in Massachusetts. My View Casinos should be legalized and constructed in the area, however there must be some limitations put on casinos or as some experts state, things may get out of control. I feel there is no way a casino should or could be built in the city limits of Boston. The casino needs (as Foxwoods & Mohegan are) to be in a rural area, mainly due to the parking situation. Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun have thousands upon thousands of parking spaces.

Unfortunately, to accommodate this many cars, the casino will not be able to be built in Boston due to land shortages. Many developers feel a distance of about 10-20 miles or bout 30 minutes out of Boston is a good traveling distance for residents. Instead of making a voyage to Connecticut, residents can just drive out of Boston to enjoy their favorite game. The casino could be Indian Tribe-run or by a private corporation (i.e. Harrah's, MGM, Trump).

Regardless of whom it is run by, the casino will operate smoothly and generate the revenues the state is looking for. Putting the casino revenues aside for a moment, one must remember what this may do to a person's life. These casinos bring in over 10,000 jobs to the area. In these times of a struggling job market, many people are waiting for a big break to start a new career. This casino development could provide thousands of out of job residents the support and benefits they need to raise and support a family.

The benefits that these major casinos provide are so huge that one may usually overlooks them. Huge casinos offer employees comprehensive benefits packages, including things like free health insurance, 401 K plan, prescription drug benefits, etc... Many look at these benefits as just as good as money. These benefits alone will help boost the states economy by providing thousands with the proper healthcare they need. Push Foward There are strong facts and figures regarding casino attendance, economy estimates, casino revenues, tourism rates, which support the assumption that the benefits of legalizing gambling in Massachusetts will far outweigh any negatives.

As was stated earlier, Massachusetts is in a huge crisis. The state is facing a deficit of well over 1 billion dollars, closer to $2 billion. The economy is falling, tourism is decreasing, and is stricken with a job market that has a black cloud over it. The debate over the economic benefits of casino development will continue to go on as long as there are state laws forbidding legalized gambling. In the case of Massachusetts, however, the positive benefits drastically outweigh the negative benefits. The development of both Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun has not only brought economic relief to Connecticut, but has also given its people a safe, enjoyable place to get entertainment and have a good time.

It has also brought thousands upon thousands of jobs to the state that has seen heavy unemployment since the early 90's. The economic boom of both casinos should be proof enough to Governor Romney that this can be a solution to our terrible problems. Even though these casinos can and most likely will come with its share of problems, the beauty of bringing jobs to a falling market and turning the Massachusetts local economy around is priceless.

Bibliography

Books, Journals, & Articles: Dense, Jeffrey and Clyde W. Barrow. 2003.
Estimating Casino Expenditures by Out-of-State Patrons: Native American Gaming in Connecticut". Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 41, No. 4 (May): 410-15. Fleischer, J. "Foxwoods to fund Pequot's Future". Fairfield County Business Journal 34.20 (1995) 1+.
Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority. 2003.
Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the Fiscal Year Ended September 20, 2003.
Washington, D.C. : Securities & Exchange Commission. McCormick, Kathleen. "In the Clutch of Casinos". Planning 63.6 (1997): 4.
Oct. 1996: 28.
Spain, William "Foxwoods" Advertising Age. 68.26 (1997): 29.
Taylor, Jonathan B., Joseph P. Kal t, and Kenneth W. Grant II. 2002.
Public Policy Analysis of Indian Gaming in Massachusetts. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government. Electronic Sources: Van Voorhis, Scott (2004).
Gambling backers newly hopeful. Boston Herald. web Gives information regarding recent votes and recent legislative moves that directly effect the gaming movement. Van Voorhis, Scott (2004).
Gambling biz betting change is for better. Boston Herald. web recent moves by Thomas Finneran (Fmr. Speaker of the House), which has a major effect on the issue at hand. References (cont.) Gambling Magazine Online. (2003) (web ) Discusses spending that is happening in Massachusetts to help push casinos to the state.
web Gives General information regarding the casino itself, facilities, and services. Used for a variety of data and information. The Center for Business and Economic Research, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (2004).