Cherokee Village Chiefs Of War example essay topic

The Cherokee Indians were one of the civilized tribes in the United States. They were located in the southeastern part of the U.S. This includes the western parts of North and South Carolina, The northern parts of Alabama and Georgia, Southwest Virginia and the Cumberland basin of Tennessee. It appears the Cherokee settled in 1000 A.D. to 1500 A.D. Their development took place in to stages or phases. The Pisgah which took place 1300 A.D. to 1540 A.D. and the Qual la which took place 1540 A.D. to 1750 A.D. The first period was primitive and the second was influenced by European contact.

They were a large tribe that was part of the Iroquoian language group even though their language is very different. Despite this the Cherokee developed written language due to contact with the white men. They were very interested in learning the white men ways. Although there is a lot written about the Cherokee and Europeans, the focus here will be Cherokee life including daily life, marriage, government, and war.

Cherokee villages consisted of groups of relatives that included members of at least four clans. They grew crops outside their villages. There were also some fields inside the villages. Each family had a marked section of the field. Both men and women helped in farming every section.

As with many tribes the men were responsible for hunting, fishing, building houses and council lodges, made important decisions, performed religious ceremonies, trained young boys and defended the village. The Cherokee women were responsible for the home, raising the children, helping in the fields, preparing and gathering food, washing and making clothes, and making baskets and pottery. Even though The Cherokee were a matrilineal society only certain women were allowed to have input in council decisions. The Cherokee had many rules and regulations to live by and since they have a strong sense of tradition these rules were not challenged until they came into contact with the European. An example would be women were not allowed to marry until they had their first menstruation. During a young woman's menstruation she is separated from her family and taken to a special place outside of the village where she stays for seven days.

No one is allowed to touch her because she is believed to be unclean. Even she can not touch her own food therefore another woman feeds her. After seven days, she washes her clothing, body, and anything else she has touched during the seven days and then returns home. Now she is allowed to marry.

Marriage is looked at as a life long venture. If a man wants to marry a certain woman he has to ask both his and her parents for their permission. If both parents agree then a priest is told. On the morning of the ceremony the priest prays asking for a sign as to whether a couple should marry or not. To get the sign that he is looking for he holds two roots in his hand.

If the roots moved together in his hand then it was O. K for a couple to marry. But if the roots did not move or moved together and one died then the marriage would be forbidden. When the roots came together with no problem, the ceremony went on. The priest prayed over the couple and warned them about being unfaithful because if they did then they would go to a "bad place" when they died. 1 Divorce did happen but was a rare occurrence.

All that had to be done was the dividing of blankets. Priests were allowed to marry but the woman had to be of utmost character. She must be a virgin. She could not be a widow or divorced. Also this marriage has to be approved by seven counselors. Once a couple is married then they can focus on having children.

When a woman learns that she is pregnant she tells her husband whom then goes and builds her a place for her last three months of pregnancy. Men were not allowed to be present at the birth of a child unless he was a priest who was invited to pray over the mother while she was in labor. The Cherokee mother has her baby by kneeling on a robe with her legs spread apart. When the child was delivered she usually landed on her back but sometimes on her chest.

If this happens the child is immediately wrapped in a cloth and put in a creek or river. Once the cloth has unraveled from around the child it is rescued form the water. It is believed any bad fortune was taken away with the cloth that has floated away. After the birth the father or the closest relative buried the placenta. A day or so after the birth the naming ceremony took place.

A woman elder gave the child a name. Names were usually based on the child's resemblance to an object, on something that happened during or after the birth or an unusual trait a child has. Later in life the name is changed to something that describes the person. They take this name to their grave. Death holds some strong traditions. When a father is dying, he calls to his children to gather around him.

At this time he gives them advice, life instructions, repeat traditions, and remind them of the customs that they should hold on to and pass on. When this was done the children were sent away and only the adult relatives and priest stayed until death came. The relatives mourned for seven days. The women cried and wailed the deceased name over and over. The men did not cry. Instead men put ashes on their heads and wrapped themselves in worn cloth.

A priest would come and bury the dead. When a Cherokee dies everything in the household becomes unclean including the relatives. The body was washed in water or boiling willow root. 1 All the deceased personal belongings are either buried with the dead or burned at the grave site. Then the family members were taken to a creek or some other body of water. They took off their clothes and went into the water where they immersed themselves seven times facing east then west.

During this time of mourning the priest's assistant would send two gifts: some tobacco so that they can brave the future and a strand of beads to comfort their hearts. As mentioned before the council house is a circular shaped building on a mound. This is where most of the governmental decisions are made. Inside was the sacred fire, which always burned. There was storage for sacred items. Rows of seats along the walls was where the lower ranking officials and other important clan members sat.

Closer to the sacred fire sat the chief officials. The Cherokee has a state of war and peace, which were represented by colors red and white. The white or peace council has an assortment of people. Chief of the tribe.

Chief's principal assistant. Seven counselors who represent the seven clans. The chief's messenger. (A tsi nu st i) The chief speaker. (Ti kv no tsi li ski) The council of elder or beloved man. The beloved woman The woman who warmed water to wash the chief.

(A ke yu gu sta) Lesser officers required for specific ceremonies. The priest who supervised the building of the hothouse. (Nv no hi ta hi) These officials saw to all tribe business but these ranks were also repeated in each of the villages. Even though this was true the villages still had to obey the laws of the great high chief and his seven counselors. Cherokee laws were very strict. For example, if a Cherokee was slain the eldest brother or the nearest male relative of the slain person was expected to avenge the death.

Four villages were set aside for refuge for the accused. This was to protect those who deliberately or un deliberately killed a fellow Cherokee. Also every priests home and yard was a place of refuge. Even if the accused comes in sight of the priest's home the avenger could not touch him.

Once the slayer reached the place of refuge, the priest blew a horn or sent a messenger to call together the people of the village. The accused was declared innocent until all the details of the crime could be examined and an elderly priest, who will serve as a judge, questioned witnesses. If the accused is found guilty he was not condemned in public but put in the front line in battle where he would die an honorable death. The clan from which the accused came from was held responsible for the crime of one of its members. This type of justice worked well because clan members would bring the accused to justice to avoid punishment. Since this was a matrilineal society a father of a family could not punish his own children because they are from a different clan.

If he killed a child he would be subject to revenge from his wife's clan. In times of war the red or war council was called upon. The principal officers are as follows: The great red war chief. (Ska ya gu stu e.g. wo) The chief's second. Seven war counselors to order acts of war. Pretty / Beloved/War woman to judge the fate of the captives.

Chief war speaker. (ska li lo ski) Warrior that carries the battle flag. (Ka ta ta ka neh i) Chief war priest for healing those injured (Ku ni ko ti) and his three or more assistants. Messengers. The priest who carried the ark which contained the sacred fire. (A tsi lv ti ye gi) Three war scouts: wolf owl and fox. A special war priest.

Lesser officers which included drummers, cooks, fire tenders, and wood gatherers. When a village chief is warned that the enemy was approaching, he sent a messenger along with sacred tobacco painted red to the Great chief and his counselors. After getting the message and discussing the matter, if they decided that there was not a threat they would send back the tobacco. If they decided that there was real danger, the tobacco was smoked and word was sent throughout the nation. If the war was a war of revenge the great war chief and his assistant met and talked about the situation and circumstances. After this discussion the great war chief took a gourd rattle and walk in front of his house shaking it and shouting a war call four times.

After he did this he went inside and handed the gourd rattle to his assistant who repeated the same ritual. People who saw or heard the war call spread the word throughout the village. As soon as the warriors got word they quickly assembled at the great chief's house. Meanwhile messengers were sent to other Cherokee village chiefs of war. These war chiefs performed the same rituals that alerted the warriors to assemble.

Women were appointed to prepare food for the men in the war party. Warriors carried their own food and armor, arrows and bows. After each village had its warriors assembled they set out for the great war chiefs house in the nations capital. Once everyone arrives the Cherokee warriors engage in a day of fasting and prayer.

During this time no warrior must not eat or sleep or take anything directly from anyone. For example, The giver had to drop the object and then the receiver could pick it up. On the evening of the second day a sacred dance called A te yo hi was performed until just before dawn. At this time the warriors were ordered to the river and immersed themselves seven times. The great war chief gave a speech telling the warriors not to be afraid for God would help them if they trusted him.

A priest would pray and the war party would set out. After returning home from battle, the warriors stayed at their own village council houses for twenty-four days. During this time they went under intense purification rituals before returning to their families. Being given a new name honored warriors, who fought well in battle. The new name usually gave them new status in the village. Cherokee life is full of traditions that helped the tribe survive as long as it has.

Even though they have been separated, the Cherokee still have a strong sense of being. There is so much more to learn about the Cherokee Indians and their cultures that it will be a while before it is all revealed.

Bibliography

Mails, Thomas E. 1992 " The Cherokee People" Marlowe and company Mooney, James 1891 " Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees Starkey, Marion 1946 "The Cherokee Nation", New York Steele, Phillip 1974 "The last Cherokee Warriors" Pelican publishing company Wilkins, Thurman 1970 "Cherokee Tragedy" London, The Macmillan Company Woodward, Grace Steele 1963 " The Cherokees, University of Oklahoma press.