Clinical Picture Of Nutrition Status example essay topic

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in the Critical Care Setting Management of patient nutrition has long been a topic of controversy. Questing of timing, route of administration and composition of feeding solution constituents are several variables that share a lack of consensus. There is a 50% rate of malnutrition cited in hospitalized patients. Many states associated with critical care admissions have altered metabolic rates.

Some examples of increased catabolism are multiple injury trauma, sepsis, organ failure (CHF, ARF, RF), and ventilator dependent status. It is important to assess for a history of such hyper- or altered metabolic states like Diabetes Mellitus, Alcoholism, Renal Failure, and COPD. Over feeding is associated with: immunosuppression, hyperglycemia, liver dysfunction and re feeding syndrome. Enteral No associated immune suppression, no associated infection complications, easier to maintain electrolyte balance.

Parenteral Immune suppression (the converse is also true- malnutrition also causes immune suppression), fatty liver, potential for pneumothorax, line infections, loss of gut barrier, , re feeding syndrome Feeding tubes - great option, if the gut works, use it. Pre albumin (2-3 day t 1/2) Transferrin (8-10 day t 1/2) Albumin (14-20 day t 1/2) Nitrogen balance studies can aid in the clinical picture of nutrition status although there is not any clinical evidence of their effect on morbidity and mortality BMI = (weight in kg) / (: height in meters) MEE (measured energy expenditure) 104.67-146.54 kj / kg can be used to estimate the avg. daily caloric requirement Mifflin-St Jeor formula REE = 9.99 x weight + 6.25 x height - 4.92 x age + 166 x sex (males, 1; females, 0) - 161. Simplification of this formula REE (males) = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (y) + 5; REE (females) = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (y) - 161. Harris-Benedict equation - Males BEE (kcal) = 66.5 + [13.8 x weight (kg) ] + [5 x height (cm) ] - [6.8 x age (yrs) ] Females Males BEE (kcal) = 655.1 + [9.6 x weight (kg) ] + [1.8 x height (cm) ] - [4.7 x age (yrs) ] Indirect calorimetry (metabolic cart) - measures the CO 2 produced and the O 2 consumed.

Also gives the RQ (respiratory quotient) a value 1 suggests carbohydrate oxidation and overfeeding. Specific Requirements in TPN Protein - In the ICU a stressed patient can tolerate 1-1.5 g / kg of protein per day at 4 kcal / g Carbohydrates - Allocate 40-55% of total calories as Dextrose in TPN solution 3.4 kcal / g Lipids - 0.5-1 g / kg per day or 20-30% of total calories per day at 9 kcal / g Fluids - An estimate of fluid needs in TPN solution is 30 ml / kg to begin Renal Failure - Vitamin D Alcoholism - Thiamine, Folate, Niacin, B 12 Liver Failure - A, E, K Although research has not shown evidence for the use of BCAA (Branched chain amino acids their use in liver failure, and other protein intolerant states can be justified.

Bibliography

Mifflin MD, St. Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;
51: 241-247 Ireton-Jones Carol, Robby n Kindle, Effects of Home Parenteral Nutrition on Resting Metabolic Rate: A Case Study. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, Vol. 19, No. 6,637-639 Stone Sue MD, Nutritional Support of the Critically Ill and Injured Patient, Crit Care Clin - 01-JAN-2004;
20 (1): 135-57 ASPEN Board of Directors. Guidelines for use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. J Par enter Enteral Nutr 2002;