Constitution And Laws Of The Nation example essay topic

Freshman Summer Packet PIB Integrated History Brandon Espinosa 415494 1) Abdicate is to renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, or the like, esp. in a femoral manner. 2) Abolitionists 1. The act of abolishing. 2. The legal termination of Negro slavery in the U.S. 3) Absolute monarch is a monarchy that is not limited by laws or a condition.

4) Anarchist is one who uses violent means to overthrow the established order. 5) Anti Federalists is a member of the group opposed the adoption of the U.S. constitution. 6) Anti Semitism is a hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or radical group. 7) Apartheid is a policy of segregation a political and economic discrimination against non-European group in the Republic of Southern Africa.

8) Appeasement is to bring to a state of peace or contentment; pacify. 9) Armistice is the temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement between the opponents. 10) Assimilate is to take into the mind and thoroughly comprehend. 11) Autocracy is the government in which one person possesses unlimited power.

12) Autocrat is a person (as a monarch) ruling with unlimited authority. 13) Balance of power is equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another. 14) Barter economy is an economic model of international trade in which goods are exchanged for goods without the existence of money. 15) Bicameral is having, consisting of, or based on two legislative chambers.

16) Blockade is the isolation by a warring nation of an enemy area (as a harbor) by troops or warships to prevent passage of persons or supplies; broadly: a restrictive measure designed to obstruct the commerce and communications of an unfriendly nation. 17) Bureaucracy is government characterized by specialization of functions, adherence to fixed rules, and a hierarchy of authority. 18) Capital 1. Is a city serving as a seat of government. 2.

A city preeminent in some special activity. 19) Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. 20) City-state is a sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory. 21) Civil disobedience is refusal to obey governmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective means of forcing concessions from the government. 22) Civil law is the law of civil or private rights.

23) Civilization is a relatively high level of cultural and technological development; specifically: the stage of cultural development at which writing and the keeping of written records is attained. 24) Civil rights movement is movement in the United States beginning in the 1960's and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens. 25) Civil war is a war between opposing groups of citizens of the same country. 26) Coalition is a temporary alliance of distinct parties, persons, or states for joint action.

27) Collective security is the maintenance by common action of the security of all members of an association of nations. 28) Collectivization is a political or economic theory advocating collective control especially over production and distribution; also: a system marked by such control. 29) Command economy is the relating to, based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of, relating to, or based on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. 30) Communism is a totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production. 31) Conservative is marked by or relating to traditional norms of taste, elegance, style, or manners. 32) Constitution is the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it.

33) Constitutional government is a form of government in which a constitution details the powers available to each branch of government, and the rights of the individual in relation to the government. 34) Constitutional monarchy is a monarchy in which the powers of the ruler are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nation. 35) Containment is a policy of checking the expansion or influence of a hostile power or ideology, as by the creation of strategic alliances or support of client states in areas of conflict or unrest. 36) Cultural diffusion is the spreading of a cultural trait (e. g., material object, idea, or behavior pattern) from one society to another. 37) Deficit is an unfavorable condition or positions a disadvantage. 38) Democracy is Government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives.

39) Democrat is one who practices social equality. 40) Depression is a period of low general economic activity marked especially by rising levels of unemployment. 41) D'etente is a policy toward a rival nation or bloc characterized by increased diplomatic, commercial, and cultural contact and a desire to reduce tensions, as through negotiation or talks. 42) Diaspora is a dispersion of an originally homogeneous entity, such as a language or culture.

43) Dictatorship is Absolute or despotic control or power. 44) Direct democracy is a form of government in which all citizens can directly participate in the decision-making process. 45) Disarmament is the act of laying down arms, especially the reduction or abolition of a nation's military forces and armaments. 46) Dissent is the refusal to conform to the authority or doctrine of an established church nonconformity. 47) Divine right is the doctrine that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God. 48) Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

49) Electorate is a body of people entitled to vote. 50) Emancipation is free from restraint, control, or the power of another especially: to free from bondage. 51) Embargo is a government order prohibiting the movement of merchant ships into or out of its ports. 52) 'Emigr'e is one who has left a native country, especially for political reasons. 53) Empire is an extensive enterprise under a unified authority.

54) Entrepreneur is a person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture. 55) Racism is a system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. 56) Federalists are a member of a former political party in the US that favored a strong centralized federal government. 57) Federal republic is is a republic in which a union of states or districts which retain only a subordinate and limited sovereignty under a central republican authority. 58) Federal system is.

59) Free enterprise is the freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with minimal government regulation. 60) Genocide is the systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group. 61) General strike is a cessation of work by all union members in a geographical area, usually as a political protest. 62) Guild is an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards. 63) Hebe as corpus is a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge.

64) Humanism is a cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome. 65) Humanities consist of branches of knowledge, such as philosophy, literature, and art, which are concerned with human thought and culture the liberal arts. 66) Human rights is The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law. 67) Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations. 68) Indigenous is Originating and living or occurring naturally in an area or environment.

69) Industrialism is an economic and social system based on the development of large-scale industries and marked by the production of large quantities of inexpensive manufactured goods and the concentration of employment in urban factories. 70) Inflation is a persistent increase in the level of consumer prices or a persistent decline in the purchasing power of money, caused by an increase in available currency and credit beyond the proportion of available goods and services. 71) Interdependence is a reciprocal relation between interdependent individuals or groups. 72) Isolationism is a national policy of abstaining from political or economic relations with other countries.

73) Jury is a body of persons sworn to judge and give a verdict on a given matter, especially a body of persons summoned by law and sworn to hear and hand down a verdict upon a case presented in court. 74) Labor union is an organization of wage earners formed for serving the members' interests with respect to wages and working conditions. 75) Laissez Faire is an economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws. 76) Law of demand is if supply is held constant, an increase in demand leads to an increased market price, while a decrease in demand leads to a decreased market price.

77) Law of supply is if demand is held constant, an increase in supply leads to a decreased price, while a decrease in supply leads to an increased price. 78) Legitimacy is the state, or quality, of being legitimate, or in conformity with law; hence, the condition of having been lawfully begotten, or born in wedlock. 79) Liberal of, designating, or characteristic of a political party founded on or associated with principles of social and political liberalism, especially in Great Britain, Canada, and the United States. 80) Limited government is one that does not have enormous power. 81) Limited monarchy is a monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution. 82) Literacy rate is.

83) Lobbying is to try to influence the thinking of legislators or other public officials for or against a specific cause. 84) Mandate is a contract by which one party agrees to perform services for another without payment. 85) Manifest destiny is the 19th-century doctrine that the United States had the right and duty to expand throughout the North American continent. 86) Market economy is An economy that operates by voluntary exchange in a free market and is not planned or controlled by a central authority; a capitalistic economy. 87) Marxism is the political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role in understanding society's allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society. 88) Means of production is In Marxist theory, the ability to produce including the physical, technological, political, economic, and social ability to do so.

89) Mercantilism is the theory and system of political economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade. 90) Middle class is the socioeconomic class between the working class and the upper class. 91) Militarism is a military state or condition; reliance on military force in administering government; a military system. 92) Militia is the body of citizens enrolled for military instruction and discipline, but not subject to be called into actual service except in emergencies. 93) Mixed economy is an economic system that allows for the simultaneous operation of publicly and privately owned enterprises. 94) Moderate is opposed to radical or extreme views or measures, especially in politics or religion.

95) Monarchy is a state or government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch. 96) Monopoly is a right granted by a government giving exclusive control over a specified commercial activity to a single party. 97) Monotheistic is the doctrine or belief that there is only one God. 98) Nationalism is the belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals. 99) Natural law is a law or body of laws that derives from nature and is believed to be binding upon human actions apart from or in conjunction with laws established by human authority. 100) Natural right is any right that exists by virtue of natural law.

101) Oligopoly is a market condition in which sellers are so few that the actions of any one of them will materially affect price and have a measurable impact on competitors. 102) Oligarchy is A form of government in which the supreme power is placed in the hands of a few persons; also, those who form the ruling few. 103) Opportunity cost is the cost of passing up the next best choice when making a decision. For example, if an asset such as capital is used for one purpose, the opportunity cost is the value of the next best purpose the asset could have been used for. Opportunity cost analysis is an important part of a company's decision-making processes, but is not treated as an actual cost in any financial statement. 104) Pacifism is the belief that disputes between nations should and can be settled peacefully.

105) Political party is an organization to gain political power. 106) Polytheistic is the worship of or belief in more than one god. 107) Progressive is a person who actively favors or strives for progress toward better conditions, as in society or government. 108) Profit is the return received on a business undertaking after all operating expenses have been met. 109) Racism is the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. 110) Recession is an extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.

111) Reparation is Compensation or remuneration required from a defeated nation as indemnity for damage or injury during a war. 112) Republic is a political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them. 113) Republican is one of the existing great parties. It was organized in 1856 by a combination of voters from other parties for opposing the extension of slavery, and in 1860 it elected Abraham Lincoln president. 114) Reserved powers are a political power that a constitution reserves exclusively to the jurisdiction of a particular political authority. 115) Revolution is a fundamental change in political organization, or in a government or constitution; the overthrow or renunciation of one government, and the substitution of another, by the governed.

116) Revenue is the income of a government from all sources appropriated for the payment of the public expenses. 117) Sanction is a coercive measure adopted usually by several nations acting together against a nation violating international law. 118) Scarcity is Insufficiency of amount or supply; shortage. 119) Scientific method is The principles and empirical processes of discovery and demonstration considered characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation, generally involving the observation of phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, experimentation to demonstrate the truth or falseness of the hypothesis, and a conclusion that validates or modifies the hypothesis. 120) Secede is to withdraw formally from membership in an organization, association, or alliance. 121) Segregation is the policy or practice of separating people of different races, classes, or ethnic groups, as in schools, housing, and public or commercial facilities, especially as a form of discrimination.

122) Self-determination is Freedom of the people of a given area to determine their own political status independence. 123) Separation of powers is the principle or system of vesting in separate branches the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of a government. 124) Social contract is an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each. 125) Social Darwinism is the application of Darwinism to the study of human society, specifically a theory in sociology that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic or biological superiority. 126) Socialism is the stage in Marxist-Leninist theory intermediate between capitalism and communism, in which collective ownership of the economy under the dictatorship of the proletariat has not yet been successfully achieved. 127) Sovereignty is complete independence and self-government.

128) Soviet is one of the elected government councils that existed at local, regional, and national levels in the former Soviet Union. The highest was the Supreme Soviet. 129) Sphere of influence is a territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation. 130) Stalemate is a situation in which further action is blocked a deadlock. 131) Standard of living is a level of material comfort as measured by the goods, services, and luxuries available to an individual, group, or nation. 132) State is a part of a large country with its own government, such as in Germany, Australia or the U.S. 133) Suffrage is the right or privilege of voting; franchise.

134) Superpower is a powerful and influential nation, especially a nuclear power that dominates its allies or client states in an international power bloc. 135) The supremacy clause is Clause 2 in Article VI of the United States Constitution. It establishes the Constitution, Federal Statutes, and U.S. treaties as "the supreme law of the land". 136) Tariff is A schedule, system, or scheme of duties imposed by the government of a country upon goods imported or exported; as, a revenue tariff; a protective tariff; Clay's compromise tariff. 137) Theocracy is a government ruled by or subject to religious authority. 138) Totalitarianism is of, relating to, being, or imposing a form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life, the individual is subordinated to the state, and opposing political and cultural expression is suppressed.

139) Trade off is a balancing of factors none of which are attainable at the same time. 140) Unicameral is having or consisting of a single legislative chamber. 141) Union is The United States of America regarded as a national unit, especially during the Civil War. 142) Urbanization is the quality or state of being urbanized or the process of becoming urbanized. 143) Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the criterion of the virtue of action.

144) Veto is The vested power or constitutional right of one branch or department of government to refuse approval of measures proposed by another department, especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature and thus prevent or delay its enactment into law. 145) War crime is any of various crimes, such as genocide or the mistreatment of prisoners of war, committed during a war and considered in violation of the conventions of warfare. 146) Warlord is a military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it. 147) Welfare state is a social system whereby the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens, as in matters of health care, education, employment, and social security. 148) Westernization is familiarizing with or converting to customs and practices of Western civilization. 149) Writ of Habeas Corpus is any of several common-law writs issued to bring a party before a court or judge.

Brandon Espinosa 8/06/03 415494.