Data On Signs Of Ether Anesthesia example essay topic

I will be telling you my short little paper on the History of Anesthesia. I will be telling what some terms mean that will be used in anesthesia history. Also I will be telling a some dates from years before our time on how anesthesia came from and who was there, and what drugs came out. First I will be starting out with several definition of the term anesthesia. The absence of, especially to pain, as induced by an anesthetic substance or by hypnosis or as occurs with traumatic or damage to nerve tissue. Anesthesia induced for medical or surgical purposes may be topical, local, regional, or general and is named for the anesthetic agent used, the method of the procedure followed, or the area or organ anesthetized.

The people who are permitted to give anesthesia to a patient is an anesthesiologist or a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA). (Mosby's Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health) There is also two different ways of describing Anesthesia you could either call it anesthesia or analgesic. In the next couple paragraphs I will be going over ways on how anesthesia would be given to a patient who will be going under a surgery. General anesthesia is the most common way that anesthesia is given to a patient.

The absence of sensation and consciousness as induced by various anesthetic agents, given by inhalation or intravenous injection. Most of the time a general anesthesia is given to the patient through an IV to the patient. Local anesthesia is another common way of inducing a patient. The administration of a local anesthetic agent into tissues to induce the absence of sensation in a small area of the body. Topical anesthesia is a surface analgesia produced by application of a topical anesthetic in the form of a solution, gel, or ointment to the skin, mucous membrane, or cornea. Regional anesthesia is an anesthesia of an area of the body by injecting a local anesthetic to block a group of sensory nerve fibers.

Next one would be a caudal anesthesia which would an injection of an agent intothe caudal part of the epidural space through the sacral hiatus to anesthetize sacral and lower lumbar nerve roots. An epidural anesthesia is an injection A type of regional block in which a local anesthetic is injected into the epidural space surrounding the dura l membrane, which contains cerebrospinal fluid and spinal nerves. The last most common way of getting an anesthesia adj antis inhalation. In halation is a surgical narcosis achieved by the inhalation of an anesthetic gas or a vapor.

The word anesthesia comes from a "Every body wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give you a hint or two as to names -- or the name -- -to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called 'Anaesthesia' (from the Greek word anaesthesia, 'lack of sensation'). This signifies insensibility... The adjective will be " Anaesthetic'. Thus we might say the state of Anaesthesia, or the anaesthetic state" (The American Dictionary of English Words).

The best way for me to tell you about how anesthesia came along I will tell you in a better way. The history of anesthesia is pretty long. Alcohol, herbs, hypnosis, acupuncture, and 'the bullet' had been around for centuries before the 'discovery' of anesthesia. Diethyl ether also had been around for awhile before its first documented use for anesthesia in 1842 by Crawford Long, a rural physician in Georgia. He removed some small masses in the neck of a patient after administering ether via a towel. The fee for this first surgical anesthetic was $2.25, including the ether, amazingly close to today's rates!

Unfortunately, he didn't get around to reporting his experience until 1849. By that time the well known public demonstration by William Morton at MGH had already taken place already. Psychopharmacology, study of the relationship between drugs and brain function, including mood, perceptions, and behavior. Psychopharmacology is a branch of pharmacology, the study of the action of drugs on living organisms. Psychopharmacology is employed in psychiatry, psychology, neurology, and in medical specialties concerned with brain function. Throughout history, almost every culture has sought ways to alter consciousness by experimenting with plant substances that yield many of the psychoactive drugs of today.

Important developments in ancient psychopharmacology include the discovery and use of cannabis and alcohol, and opium, in Europe and Asia and of caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine, and hallucinogenic plants such as peyote and psilocybin in the pre-Columbian Americas. Developments in the 19th century include the isolation of the potent analgesic morphine from opium; the introduction of the anesthetics nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform and the early use of cocaine as a stimulant. The first sedative hypnotics, the barbiturates, were introduced in the early 20th century, followed by the discovery and use of amphetamines as psycho stimulants in the 1930's. An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anaesthetic in Surgical Operations.

By C.W. Long, M.D., of Jefferson, Jackson Co., Georgia. For nearly three years, the various medical journals have contained numerous articles on the employment of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation, for the purpose of rendering patients insensible to pain during surgical operations. The first notice I saw of the use of ether, or rather of Dr. Morton's 'Lethe on,' as an anaesthetic, was in the editorial of the Medical Examiner for December, 1846, in which the editor gives the following extract from a paper by Dr. H.J. Bigelow, contained in the Boston Journal: -- 'The preparation (lethe on) is inhaled from a small two-necked glass globe, and smells of ether, and is, we have little doubt, an ethereal solution of some narcotic substance. ' Having on several occasions used ether, since March, 1842, to prevent pain in surgical operations, immediately after reading this notice of 'lethe on,' I commenced a communication to the editor of the Medical Examiner, for publication in that Journal, to notify the medical profession that sulphuric ether, when inhaled, would of itself render surgical operations painless, and that it had then been used by me for that purpose for more than four years. I was interrupted when I had written but a few lines, and was prevented, by a very laborious country practice, from resuming my communication, until the Medical Examiner for January, 1847, was received, which reached me in a few days after reading the December number.

It contained several articles, giving accounts of different experiments in, in which surgical operations were performed without pain. On reading these articles, I determined to wait a few months, before publishing an account of my discovery, and see whether any surgeon would present a claim to having used ether by inhalation in surgical operations prior to the time it was used by me. A controversy soon ensued between Messrs. Jackson, Morton and Wells, in regard to who was entitled to the honor of being the discoverer of the anaesthetic powers of ether, and a considerable time elapsed before I was able to ascertain the exact period when their first operations were performed. Ascertaining this fact, through negligence I have now permitted a much longer time to elapse than I designed, or than my professional friends with whom I consulted advised; but as no account has been published, (so far as Have been able to ascertain), of the inhalation of ether being used to prevent pain in surgical operations as early as March, 1842.

My friends think Would be doing myself injustice, not to notify my brethren of the medical profession of my priority of the use of ether by inhalation in surgical practice. I know that my interests have suffered from not making an earlier publication, and I would not be persuaded at this late stage of the ether controversy to present my claim to being the first to use ether as an anaesthetic in surgical operations, if I were not fully satisfied of my ability to establish its justness. In the month of December, 1851, or January, 1842, the subject of the inhalation of nitrous oxide gas was introduced in a company of young men assembled at night in this village, (Jefferson) and several persons present desired me to prepare some for their use. I informed them that I had no apparatus for preparing or preserving the gas, but that I had a medicine (sulphuric ether) which would produce equally exhilarating effects; that I had inhaled it myself, and considered it as safe as the nitrous oxide gas. One of the company stated, that he had inhaled ether while at school, and was then willing to inhale it. The company were all anxious to witness its effects.

The ether was introduced: I gave it first to the gentleman whom had previously inhaled it, then inhaled it myself, and afterwards gave it to all persons present. They were so much pleased with the exhilarating effects of ether, that they afterwards inhaled it frequently, and induced others to do so, and its inhalation soon became quite fashionable in this county, and in fact extended from this place through several counties in this part of Georgia. On numerous occasions I have inhaled ether for its exhilarating properties, and would frequently, at some short time subsequent to its inhalation, discover bruised or painful spots on my person, which I had no recollection of causing, and which I felt satisfied were received while under the influence of ether. I noticed, my friends, while etherized, received falls and blows, which I believed were sufficient to produce pain on a person not in a state of anaesthesia, and an questioning them, they uniformly assured me that they did not feel the least pain from these accidents.

These facts are mentioned, that the reasons may be apparent why I was induced to make an experiment. The first patient to whom I administered ether in a surgical operation, was Mr. James M. Venable, who then resided within two miles of Jefferson, and at present lives in Cobb county, Georgia. Mr. Venable consult ed me on several occasions in regard to the propriety of removing two small tumours situated on the back part of his neck, but would postpone from time to time having the operations performed, from dread of pain. At length I mentioned to him the fact of my receiving bruises while under the influence of the vapour of ether, without suffering, and I knew him to be fond of, and accustomed to inhale ether, I suggested to him the probability that the operations might be performed without pain, and proposed operating on him while under its influence. He consented to have one tumour removed, and the operation was performed the same evening. The ether was given to Mr. Venable on a towel; and when fully under its influence I extirpated the tumour.

It was encysted and about half an inch in diameter. The patient continued to inhale ether during the time of the operation; and when informed it was over, seemed incredulous, until the tumour was shown him. He gave no evidence of suffering during the operation, and assured me, after it was over, that he did not experience the slightest degree of pain from its performance. This operation was performed on the 30th March, 1842. The second operation I performed upon a patient etherized was on the 6th June, 1842, and was on the same person, for the removal of another small tumour. This operation required more time than the first, from the cyst of the tumour having formed adhesions to the surrounding parts.

The patient was insensible to pain during the operation, until the last attachment of the cyst was separated, when he exhibited signs of slight suffering, but asserted, after the operation was over, that the sensation of pain was so slight as scarcely to be perceived. In this operation, the inhalation of ether ceased before the first incision was made: since that time I have invariably desired patients, when practicable, to continue its inhalation during the time of the operation. Having so long neglected presenting my claim to the discovery of the anaesthetic powers of ether; for the purpose of satisfying the minds of all, of its justness, I have procured, I conceive, a sufficient number of certificates to establish the claim indisputably. I present, first, the certificate of James M. Venable, the patient on whom the first experiments in were made, and no comments on it, I conceive, are necessary (Southern Medical and Surgical Journal Vol. 5). The First Recorded Anesthesia Case the first demonstration of ether anesthesia was in the Etherdomeof the Massachusetts General Hospital on October 16th, 1846. The patient, Gilbert Abbott, had a tumor on his neck. W.T.G. Morton, a dentist who would give the anesthetic, held a glass of ether up to his face.

The surgeon was Professor John Warren. This the first demonstration of 'Ether' Day painting by Hinckley which commemorates the first demonstration of ether anesthesia in the Ether dome of the Massachusetts General Hospital on October 16th, 1846. The patient, Gilbert Abbott, has a tumor on his neck and reclines on a chair in the center of the painting. W.T.G. Morton, a dentist who would give the anesthetic, holds the glass ether vaporizer and the surgeon, Professor John Warren, stands above the patient. When the surgery was completed Professor Warren turned to the gallery and, with tears in his eyes, said 'Gentleman this is no humbug.

' On that day the infant specialty of anesthesia was born. The first ether anesthetic had actually been given on March 30th, 1942 by Dr. Crawford Long a General Practitioner from Jefferson Jackson County, Georgia but for an unexplained reason he did not record it. Before then, what did doctor's use? Surgeon's were rated for their speed, not precision.

Patients were terrified of surgery or dental work because the doctor came marching in the operating room with two bottles of whiskey-one for the patient and one for him-so he could endure the patients screams. In an estimation, anesthesia was ready to take on cardiac surgery in about 1942 for by that time oxygen and ether had been shown to be a reliable safe anesthetic, the blood pressure cuff and stethoscope had been used for about forty years to monitor the safety of patients under anesthesia and the Cambridge Simpli trol portable ECG machine, although cumbersome, was being recommended for peri operative use. The latter had been introduced by Dr. Wayne Smith, a general practitioner from Providence, Rhode Island. The endo tracheal tube was in general use, blood banks had been established and Dr. Harold Griffith had introduced Curare into the practice of anesthesia which made controlled ventilation in light anesthesia possible. Since then, medicine has progressed rapidly. An estimated 25 million anesthetics are administered each year in this country.

Anesthesiologists and CRNAsprovide or participate in more than 90 percent of these anesthetics. In the operating room, they are responsible for the medical management and anesthetic care of the patient throughout the duration of the surgery. In the recovery room, while safety is of course the foremost priority during surgery, it is also of utmost concern that the patient be monitored and continually assessed while fully regaining consciousness. In most cases, the anesthesiologist decides when the patient has recovered enough to be sent home following outpatient surgery or has been stabilized sufficiently to be moved to a regular room or ward in the medical facility. Today, anesthesia covers a broad spectrum of medical treatment.

Anesthesiologists specialize in techniques such as cardiac, pediatric, pain medicine, critical care, trauma medicine and angioplasty procedures for emergency airway management or resuscitation if necessary. Now in the next couple pages I will be telling about dateline and give you some years to remember about how anesthesia came about. In 1844 nitrous oxide used by Wells to produce dental anesthesia. 1846 Diethyl ether is used publicly by Morton to produce surgical anesthesia. 1847 Chloroform popularized for surgical anesthesia in England. 1854 Hollow metallic needles invented by Wood.

1856 Chloroform administered by John Snow, MD. to Queen Victoria for the birth of Prince Leopold. Also John, Snow, MD. was the first known anesthesiologist ever. 1868 Administration of nitrogen oxygen introduced by Andrews. 1871 cylinders of nitrogen oxygen introduced by Brothers. 1884 cocaine used by Koller to produce topical anesthesia. 1885 nerve block and infiltration anesthesia by injection of cocaine introduced by Halsted.

In that same year Corning introduced epidural anesthesia. 1893 Spinal anesthesia introduced by Bier. 1904 Buchanan appointed first professor of anesthesia in the USA at New York, Medical College. In 1905 Procaine synthesized by Einhorn, and Long Island Society of Anesthetists founded by Erdmann. Then 6 years later Long Island Society of Anesthetist becomes the New York society of Anesthetists. 1914 The American Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia first published as a quarterly supplement to the American Journal of Surgery.

1917 Oxygen mask developed by Poulton. 1920 Gue del published data on signs of ether anesthesia. 1922 The Journal, current researchers in anesthesia and analgesia first published. 1923 MaryA. Ross, MD. becomes the first postgraduate trainee in anesthesiology in the USA.

1924 National Anesthesia Research Society becomes the International Anesthesia Research Society. 1926 American Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia ceases publication. 1927 Waters appointed as the first university professor of anesthesia in the United States British Journal of Anesthesia first published also. 1930 circle anesthesia breathing and carbon dioxide absorption system described by Sword. 1932 Association ofAnaethetists of Great Britian and Ireland founded. 1933 Cyclopropane used by Waters to produce.

1934 Thiopental used by Lundy for induction of anesthesia because the main part was just inhaled. 1935 Rovenstine organized a department of anesthesia at Bellevue Hospital in New York. 1936 New York Society of anesthesia becomes the American Society of Anesthesia. 1938 American Board of Anesthesiology is founded. In 1942 Tubocuraine used by Griffith T. Johnson, and in 1943 Lidocaine was synthesized by Lofgren.

1947 Succinylcholine used clinically by Phillips and Fusco. Succinylcholine is an muscle relaxer. The 1950' thru the 1990's is where anesthesia finally picks up. 1956 Halothane used clinically by Johnson. 1959 Methoxyflurane used clinically by Artusio and VanPozma.

1968 Society of Academic Anesthesia founded. 1972 Enfluran used clinically in the medical field. 1973 the journal of critical care medicine first published ever in the US. 1975 in training examination in anesthesiology ina ted. 1981 Isofluranewas clinically use in the work field. 1985 The Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation was established.

1986 Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research established. 1989 Propofol used clinically in the work field. 1990 Pulse Oximetry added to the standards for basic monitoring when it comes to patient. 1992 Desflurane was finally made that it could be used clinically. Desflurane is one the anesthesia drugs that must be heated because it is uns able in room temperature. 1994 Sevofluranealso was passed to be used in a clinically stable medical field.

1995 House of Delegates of the ASA approves Practice Guidelines for PreoperativeTransesphageal Echocardiography. 1996 End trial carbon dioxide monitoring added to the standards for basic monitoring. End trial carbon dioxide can also be used as Etc 2. Also in this year the BispectralIndex Monitoring System approved for Clinical use. House of the ASA approves Practice Guidelines for Office Based Anesthesia. Last thing in this yearRapacuronium used clinically and it is also always known as a IV drug.

Page 13 WORK CITIEDThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd. Edition. 21 November 1846 Long necker, David E., Murphy, Frank L. Introduction to Anesthesia. Copyright 1997 Dobsch, Jerry A., Susan E. Understanding Anesthesia Equipment Construction, Care, and Complications (3rd.

Edition). Copyright 1993.