Discrimination By Employers 1964 24th Amendment example essay topic
366 words
Slow Improvement, but substantial gains Judicial Actions 1954- Brown vs. Board of Ed. - ends segregation 1962- Baker vs. Carr- "one man, one vote"; redistricts congressional districts to be more representative of minorities. 1964- Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. U.S. - uses interstate commerce clause to ban segregated motels, hotels and restaurants. 1966- S.C. vs. Katzenbach- enforces 15th amendment's policy of ending voting discrimination 1968- Jones vs. Mayer- racial discrimination in sale or rental of housing is illegal. 1971- Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County- bussing can be used as a means of combating state enforced segregation. 1979- United Steel Workers vs. Weber- upholds affirmative action for the purpose of remedying past injustices. 1983- Dayton Board of Ed. vs. Brinkman- upholds bussing as remedy for de facto segregation.
Legislative Actions- 1964- Civil Rights Act- Title II- forbids discrimination in public accommodations Title & IV- forbids discrimination by public schools Title VII- forbids discrimination by employers 1964- 24th Amendment- ends poll tax 1965- Voting Rights Act-prohibited state gov't from using procedures that discriminated against a certain race. -E.E.O.C. formed to enforce these laws. -Affirmative Action- companies with federal contracts and federally funded universities must abide by a rule, which help, or increase the chances of blacks and minorities receiving favorable positions. 1982- Voting Rights Amendment- creates minority-majority districts, so the likelihood of electing minorities increases. 1988- Congress revises the Civil Rights Act to invalidate the anti-affirmative action decision in Grove City College vs. Bell.
Successfully ends, for the most part, de jury segregation and discrimination however de facto segregation still largely exists today. Social and political factors hindering substantial integration: White backlash: -Affirmative action hated by most whites (Bakke vs. Cal [78] limits affirmative action's power) -Racial gerrymandering seen as ridiculous, and then even unconstitutional (Shaw vs. Reno ['93] & Miller vs. Johnson ['95]) -These public sentiments backed up by the Conservative swing of the Reagan appointed, Rhenquist court. -de facto segregation. Not caused by any government wrong in particular, but the tendency of minority groups to stay living areas of their own minority group make true integration an almost unattainable goal. -bryant gumbel l... 'nut said.
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