Drugs To Dampen The Effects Of Pain example essay topic

Oxycontin: A Painkiller, or a Pill that Kills? To most people, pain is a nuisance. But to others, pain controls their life. The feeling discomforts us in ways that can sometimes seem almost imaginable.

These feelings can lead to many different side effects if not dealt with or diagnosed. These effects can include depression, anxiety, and incredible amounts of stress. The truth about pain is that it is vital to our existence. Without the nervous system responding to pain, we would have no idea if we were touching a hot stove, being stuck by a porcupine's needles, or something else that could leave a lasting effect upon our bodies without us even knowing anything about it. This warning system helps to alert us when there is potential harm to our bodies (Stimmel 26).

For those whose lives have been forever disrupted by pain, a miracle drug has been put onto the market which alleviates the pain, and allows the consumer to return to a more normal lifestyle. Since being approved in 1995, Oxycontin has become one of America's most prescribed medicines for chronic pain. It has many street names such as killers, OC, Oxy, and Oxy cotton. It is proven to provide sustained relief for up to twelve hours and has few serious side effects. Oxycontin is a safe drug if used properly, but the problem that exists is that when abused, Oxycontin can become lethal (Allison 2). Until this century, researchers and doctors have not understood how to stop pain, without introducing other side effects such as addiction.

Physicians were limited to the drugs that they used to stop the pain because not enough was known in the past. This issue has recently changed from not having strong enough drugs to dampen the effects of pain, rather to deciding which degree of a painkiller to give the patient. This is in part due to the intense nature of some drugs that have been recently developed (Sanberg 82). Oxycontin is one of these drugs that are only given to patients with severe pain problems. To be prescribed this medication, one must have a disease or have been involved in some tragic accident that has left them unable to cope with the pain on a day to day basis. The reason that this drug can be so intense and dangerous is because it falls into the category II narcotics (Congress 112-113).

Many commonly known narcotics include opium, morphine, and heroin. The addiction rate of any of these drugs is phenomenal. Narcotics are central nervous system depressants that relieve pain without causing the loss of consciousness. They can also produce feelings of drowsiness, mental confusion and euphoria. The analgesic effect of narcotics results from the drugs' effects on the emotional aspects of pain. Many patients that experience intense pain say that after the administration of the narcotic, their pain is as intense as ever but no longer as bothersome.

Because narcotics block the emotional side effects of pain they make it much more bearable (Stimmel 29-32). To ease this pain, researchers associated with Purdue Pharma created Oxycontin to help patients with chronic and unbearable pain resulting from accidents, cancer, or old age. In every year since it was released, the number of prescriptions prescribed to patients has increased by several hundred percent (Allison 1). Oxycontin is a trade name for the drug hydrochloride. It is a controlled release form of that is prescribed to treat chronic pain.

When used properly, Oxycontin can provide pain relief for up to twelve hours. The drug enters the body and stimulates certain opioid receptors that are located throughout the nervous system, in the brain, and along the spinal cord. When abused, Oxycontin can become dangerously addictive. Frequent and repeated misuse of the drug can cause the user to develop a tolerance to its effects, so that larger doses are required to achieve the desired sensation and the abuser becomes increasingly addicted to the drug (Explaining Medicine).

To better understand this new drug, it is very important to reveal some information about the makers and reasoning behind the development of Oxycontin. Purdue Pharma is a pharmaceutical company founded by physicians with its headquarters located in Stanford, Connecticut. The drug is currently manufactured in two locations: one in Totowa, New Jersey and the other in Wilson, North Carolina. Oxycontin is now the 18th most prescribed drug in the United States, and had sells of over $1.2 billion in just one year. Since the 1980's, Purdue has focused its research and development efforts mainly on medications for the use of pain relief. It was not until 1995, that Oxycontin was developed, and the first release of the drug did not occur until January 1996 (Oxycontin 38).

The company has made sure that no other drug in the United States has been more rigorously tested and regulated than Oxycontin. This is primarily because it comes from an opioid called Oxycodone, which has been known to be very dangerous in other currently prescribed drugs. Oxycodone was first developed in 1916, and has been sold in various forms in the United States for over sixty years (Oxycontin 39). The pain that it was intended to help alleviate is very serious because the intense pain is usually caused by cancer, osteoarthritis, post-herpetic neuralgia, major surgery, and even degenerative spine disease (Oxycontin 46). Issues have recently started developing around the drug since just a few years after it was put onto the market. Hundreds of people have died from taking the drug for the wrong reason or in an inappropriate manner.

State medical examiners reported that in the last six months of 2000, there were 152 overdose deaths in Florida that showed traces of Oxycontin (Allison 2). In 2002, the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) reported that there were 25,197 mentions of Oxycodone found in overdose deaths since 1995 (American Pain Society 21). As alarming as these rates seem, there are an estimated 1.6 million Americans who have reported using prescription-type pain relievers for non-medical reasons (Oxycontin 1). Oxycontin is a synthetic morphine which is known as an opioid.

There are already many opioid's on the market currently that are surrounded by controversy. Percocet, Vicodin, and Hydrocodone are three painkillers that are also involved in this rising problem (Prescription Pain Medication 20). The difference between these three painkillers and Oxycontin is the amount of medicine in the actual pill. Oxycontin was created with a twelve-hour time release coding surrounding it.

When abusers want to get high off of the drug, they simply crush the pill and snort it, chew it in their mouth, or mix the medicine with water and inject it into their veins. This in turn releases twelve times the amount of medicine instantly, instead of an already strong medicine for twelve consecutive hours (Allison 3). Since this drug is made in the United States, there is no smuggling of the drug into our country. This presents a problem in the fact of how so many people are able to get a prescription for this drug. Sometimes addicts and dealers steal Oxycontin from pharmacies or patients.

Other times they will buy prescriptions from doctors who will be paid off to not say anything. However, the most common way to achieve a prescription is to make up elaborate stories about some type of pain that is not really present that often (Prescription Pain Medication 16). To combat this problem, Oxycontin's manufacturer, Purdue Pharma, has met with officials in several states to discuss ways to control distribution. They also have recently sent over 400,000 brochures to doctor's offices and other places able to write prescriptions for the intense pain killer. Many reports of Oxycontin abuse have occurred in rural areas that have housed labor-intensive industries, such as logging or coal mining. These industries are often located in economically depressed areas, as well.

Therefore, people for whom the drug may have been legitimately prescribed may be tempted to sell their prescriptions for profit. Substance abuse treatment providers say that the addiction is so strong that people will go to great lengths to get the drug, including robbing pharmacies and writing false prescriptions (Sanberg 7-8). Dr. Lynne Carr Columbus, a pain management specialist, was duped into writing a prescription for Oxycontin for a man claiming to have bladder cancer. The man showed false medical records and was in a wheelchair. There were no reasons to doubt the individual, however a local pharmacist became suspicious and alerted the police (Allison 2). Police statistics show that between January and June of 2001, there have been 1,800 prescription fraud cases in the town of Pulaski, VA.

This number is very significant because the total population of the town is only 9,591 residents (Burleson 1). These statistics do not help the patients whose livelihood depends on their "real" prescriptions of Oxycontin. Although Oxycontin has been proven to kill if taken in the wrong manner or wrong dosage, it has helped so many patients resume somewhat normal lives after a battle with cancer, or a tragic accident of some sort. Before taking Oxycontin, some of these patients were bedridden, consumed with intense pain that would not allow them to move or function as a human being.

They lost many of their friends and could not raise their children properly. This is such a horrible thing to happen to someone. So is it right to take away someone's elixir of life? Should the drug be reformulated so that the effect is not as potent or deadly? These are many questions that need to be addressed so that the patients can move on with their lives, while abusers get treatment for their problematic addictions.

Bibliography

Allison, Wes. "People in Pain Fear Oxycontin Backlash". St. Petersburg Times 27 May 2001.
American Pain Society. "Principles of Analgesic Use in the Treatment of Acute Pain and Cancer Pain". Glenview, IL: American Pain Society. 2003.
Belleair, Karen. Drug Abuse Sourcebook. Detroit, MI: Omni graphics, 2000.
Burleson, Jenn. "Pulaski is Hoping that Fingerprints will Curb Oxycontin Abuse". The Roanoke Times 15 March 2001.
Sanberg, Paul. Prescriptions Narcotics: the addictive painkillers. New York: Chelsea House, 1986.
Stimmel, Barry. Pain, Analgesia, and Addiction. New York: Raven Press, 1983.
United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Control Program. Prescription Pain Medications. 5 Jan. 2005.
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Oxycontin, balancing risks and benefits. 30 Jan. 2005.
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