English And King Philip example essay topic

King Philip's War was a disturbing war fought in America in 1675, almost certainly as a result of the early contact between the English Colonists and the Native Americans. The Natives were, and had always been fighting for their freedom and land, as well as their culture unharmed. Though the Natives had their own religious beliefs, the Colonists felt that they were the greater man, and that God would play a part by remaining on their side. The Natives did not trust the English with their multiple cheated promises and such, and it was only expected that the Natives would not believe in the English. There is no one established reason for this war, like many wars, but it is only probable that it be a result of the many differences between the Native way of life, and the English way. The Wampanoag Indians were a tribe that settled in the area of current day Rhode Island and Massachusetts.

It is estimated that the number of tribe members was somewhere over ten thousand before the English arrived and brought along sickness and disease that the Natives were not accustomed to. By around 1675 it is imagined that the Wampanoag population plummeted to around only one thousand members. At first, the Wampanoag were accepting of the English because there appeared to be no immediate threat of endangerment of the Natives. The Natives actually became appreciative and dependent on the English in a sense, because they had been introduced to the various types of food, clothing, and most importantly, weapons. Massasoit, the Chief of the Wampanoag Indians at the time, signed a treaty of peace with the English that promised not to give up their land to anybody without the knowledge and consent of the Plymouth government first. It wasn't until 1630 when the situation reversed with the increasing amount of settlers moving to The Massachusetts Bay Colony known as "The Great Migration", that the Natives became angered.

The new settlers, the Puritans, were in desperate need of land and would do anything to get it. They wiped the Pequoit Indians out in the Pequoit War of 1637, and other than those who chose to convert to the Puritan religion and way of life, the Pequoit had vanished. Many of the Indian tribes were in trouble with the threat of loss of land, as well as loss of lives. It was time to strike back and defend what was theirs. After Massasoit had passed on, Alexander would be the next Sachem (Chief) of the Wampanoag tribe.

Alexander was Metacomet's brother, as was Massasoit his father. Alexander died shortly after his reign from what is believed to have been an ill fever of some type. At this time, Metacomet, King Philip, would become the Grand Sachem of the Wampanoags. Philip was the predecessor of Tecumseh and was an excellent leader of the tribe. He knew that the English would try and rid them of their land and expand more until they wiped out his tribe totally. King Philip would need to get other tribes to understand what the English were doing, and to join him in the defense of their being.

It wasn't long until the English learned of this attempt at a possible revolt against them, and therefore in 1671, King Philip was forced to a southern area in Massachusetts known as Taunton. He was ordered to give up most of the firearms that the tribe possessed, but still kept a number of firearms within the Indians. Further, he signed an agreement with the Colony of Plymouth on September 29, 1671 that said his tribe would abide by colonial laws and guidelines with war affairs and Indian land. This was just another one of the Englishmen's ways of stripping the Wampanoag's of their power, but was probably only indeed signed by King Philip because he was under strict enforcement, and it would give him a little breathing room with the English. Not forgetting about the tribes that King Philip attempted to have join them in their revolt against the English, the Narragansett, Nipmuc, and Pocumtuc tribes all gave their support to Philip and whatever he chose to do. Along the way, there were many obstructions and such that made this preparation of an attack long and hard.

When King Philip heard of a rumor that the English were actually planning to apprehend him, he called for a meeting of tribesmen. The Nipmuc, Pocumtuc, some Penna cook, and some Abenaki all joined King Philip in their plot for revenge. The Narragansett's unfortunately signed a treat with the English and refused to join the other tribes. In June of 1675, an English settler killed a Wampanoag Indian over an argument about the ownership of cattle. The Wampanoag would retaliate by killing eight other settlers to bring the start of King Philip's War. Several local militia groups would comprise the New England settlers in the beginning of King Philip's War.

Some of the settlers had fought in English Civil Wars, but the training received in England proved nothing compared to the style of war necessary with the new terrain, and new enemies. King Philip had over 1,000 Indian warriors who were armed with rifles received from the French and English, and who would fight at anytime. On July 5, 1675, the English forces attacked King Philip at Mount Hope, the area at where he currently resided (present-day Bristol, Rhode Island). The English attacked and were able to hold the Indians contained in the Poc asset Swamp. The Indians revolted slightly on July 18th, allowing them to retreat to Massachusetts where they would attack several towns in the Connecticut River Valley area. The raids continued and on August 2nd, more English troops were sent on a seek mission to find Philip and his crowd.

The troops were able to find the Indians finally, but it seemed as if the Indians had really found them. The English were ambushed and continually ambushed, the Natives driving them back farther and farther until they had diminished in size. The Wampanoag's and joined tribes continued to pelt colonies along the Connecticut River Valley, burning villages, killing some settlers, and forcing the others to flee. The Natives were winning the war.

With the collaboration of tribes acting as one, with the single thought of winning back their rights, they had won many victories. As winter rolled around, the Indians did suffer, mainly of hunger, causing few deaths. The big push now was for King Philip to persuade the Narragansett tribe to forget about the signed treaty, and join them in their war efforts. The colonists suspected that the treaty between the Narragansett's and themselves would not uphold forever, and in fear of a possible ambush from the tribe, the colonists decided to strike first.

On December 19, 1675, Colonial soldiers marched into the Narragansett village in Kingston, Rhode Island and opened fire on the Indians. The Indians retreated briefly only to plan an attack on the English. The Narragansett suffered minor losses and forced the English companies to retreat after achieving major losses, including the ones in charge of the army. The Indians would attack again in the Winter of 1675 to 1676, causing tremendous disaster to many of the colonies, burning houses, destroying food supplies, and livestock along their way. Many of the settlers were either killed or captured, while the Natives continued on with the attacks.

The Indians would appear to be winning the war statistically, but the fact of the matter was that their food supply was running short. This did not stop the tribes however. They would continue the raids on the colonies, only this time they would try to take over the villages, rather than burning them to the ground. Overall, this proved unsuccessful to the Natives as they suffered many deaths in the process. The English would retaliate once again.

The English surprised King Philip and his tribe greatly, by attacking during a thunderstorm. Hundreds of Indians were killed, their camps destroyed, and though the Indians retaliated, the colonists hurt the Indians badly. As equipment and food continued to diminish, the Natives were in trouble. King Philip had a price put on his head. His former alliances had now turned to the English, and King Philip would have to return back to the Wampanoags that remained at his original village (Mount Hope).

The Wampanoags would continue to be hunted throughout the Summer of 1676 until King Philip's village was attacked on August 1st. With lessening hope, and the capture of his wife and child, King Philip was killed by John Alderman. Philip's head was mounted on a stake in Plymouth where it stood for twenty-five years. Even after the death of King Philip, the English continued their attacks on the other Indian alliances until treaties were signed, and peace confirmed. Over six hundred English settlers perished during the war, with many others wounded. Nearly 15 colonies were demolished and many settlers were held captive.

The tribes that had settled in the New England region were wiped out. The Settlers felt that their victory was a favor from God, and a symbolic sign for their spiritualistic community. The Indians who remained faced being sold into slavery in the West Indies, while others faced disease, cultural disruption, and the loss of their lands.

Bibliography

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Bourne, Russell. The Red King's Rebellion. Oxford University Press, New York, 1990.
Church, Benjamin. Diary of King Philip's War, 1675-76. Chester, Conn. : Published for The Little Compton Historical Society [by] Pequot Press, 1975.
Leach, Douglas. Flintlock and Tomahawk. Parnassus Imprints Inc., Hyannis, Massachusetts, 1995.
Lepore, Jill. The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity. New York: Knopf, 1998.
Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Rowlandson. New England Chronology NEHG Register vol 7 October 1853.
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