English Language Development For African American Students example essay topic

Ebonics INTRODUCTION This is an English exam paper prepared for the EU 2-EDB course atNiuernermik Ilinniarfik, Nuuk. The main topic of this paper is the USA, and I have chosen to concentrate on a fairly new issue, the language know as Ebonics. There have always been changes in the English language. This is how the language came about and evolved from standard British English to American English. During the last few years, as the world has become more sensitive to the rights of minorities, women, animals, etc. a new form of changes has taken place.

These changes have become known as Political Correctness. Ebonics is the political correct version of Afro-American English. I intend to show that - and comment on how - racialism and competition affects a society and how this, in the case of Ebonics, is actually happening in today's America. Nuuk February 1997 Ral Fleischer THE QUESTIONS ASKED I will attempt to answer the following questions about Ebonics; - what is Ebonics? - what are the underlying reasons behind Ebonics? -who is prospering from Ebonics? What is Ebonics? Most people outside of America have at most but a vague idea of what Ebonics is all about.

Apart from being a buzzword in American media since December 1996 what are the fundamental concepts behind this expression? Where, how and when did it start, and who started it? What are the underlying reasons behind Ebonics? To fully understand Ebonics, some historical background is needed. One has to have some knowledge on how the English language has developed in America.

Furthermore one has to be aware how the American society is loaded down with the influence of stereotypical thinking, racialism and competition. In his autobiography, the famous black spokesman, Minister Malcolm X, portrays the undisguised hostility that exists between white and black people in America. He illustrates this conflict with the following words: '... You cannot find one black man, I do not care who he is, who has not been personally damaged in some way by the devilish acts of the... white man!

The greatest miracle... in America is that the black... has not grown violent... they would have been justified by all moral criteria, and even by the democratic tradition' (The Autobiography of Malcolm X, page 371 & 349) Is Ebonics simply the democratic consequence, a black non-violent upraise against the 'devilish acts of the white man' as as foreseen by Malcolm X? Who is prospering from Ebonics? What advantages is meant to be attained - and for whom - with Ebonics? DESCRIPTION OF THE MATERIAL Although the introduction of Ebonics has excited more debate than almost any other philosophical issue in recent years, only avery small amount of written material - apart from newspaper articles - about this subject has reached Greenland so far. This, because Ebonics is a rather new and first and foremost an all American phenomenon. Newspaper Articles The majority of the material collected for this paper consists consequently of various newspaper articles.

I was able to follow the discussion about Ebonics in the American newspaper 'the Washington Post' via the Internet and have as a result chosen the following articles as the basis of my inquiry into the matter of Ebonics: - Ebonics: A Way to Close the Learning Gap? - Among Linguists, Black English Gets Respect - Ebonics Debate Comes to CapitolHillMagazine Articles All of the above listed articles are from the Washington Post. I also managed to find a few articles in 'Time Magazine' and 'Newsweek' from which I chose: - Hooked on Ebonics The contents of these articles have given mean impression of how the American public 'officially' interpret the concept of Ebonics. Internet Web-sites Furthermore two Internet web-sites (computerized electronic billboards) have been of incredible help, the first by providing me with the original 'Declaration of Ebonics', the other by broadening my understanding of the fundamental concepts of Ebonics together with giving the viewpoint on the subject by a common American. These two Internet web-sites are: - Oakland Unified School District Web Page - EBONICS Pseudo-Intellectualism for the masses Interview An interview was performed via the Internet Chess-server 'Ca issa. com " in the form of a correspondence with my good friend eddo from New York. Discussion about chess-ratings ended up becoming a cursory go trough on various different subjects, in which eddo revealed his very own personal reaction towards Ebonics.

Books Finally the following books have been of use: - Two Nations, Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal - The Autobiography of Malcolm X - Race, Culture and Intelligence The first two by giving an insight into the divided 'soul and heart' of the American society, and by presenting to me some of the historical background that preceded Ebonics and allowed it to come into existence. The latter by further deepening my understanding of the essential idea behind racialism and competition among races. DISCUSSION What is Ebonics? Technically speaking, Ebonics is the vernacular style of The English language spoken by Afro-Americans. The word Ebonics, origins from the words 'Ebony' and 'Phonics', the name referring to the colour black and to the representation of sounds with symbols. The word Ebonics was invented in 1973 as to describe an Afro-American speech pattern with roots in West Africa, but it was not until 18 December 1997 - when the Californian Oakland School Board released its declaration on language development policy - Ebonics suddenly came into instant fame.

An excerpt of the revised declaration is enclosed in appendix 1. In a formal statement, the Oakland School Board recognises Ebonics as the primary language of many of its students and announces their intention of teaching their students in this primary language, in order to help the student to master standard English. The statement included this controversial sentence '... African Language System sare genetically based and not a dialect of English', a remark that immediately raised a public outcry: The old confrontation of comparing race and intelligence flared up in the American media once again. The Oakland School Board accuse opponents of the Ebonics movement of ignorant misrepresentation and corruption of concepts. But the uproar has since prompted the Oakland school officials to retreat from parts of their resolution, even as they argue that their intentions have been misinterpreted, and that their goal with the Ebonics declaration is solely to promote standard English.

Yo Bro', 'name' eddo! With various newspaper articles as the only source of information, different people reading about Ebonics could end up with some very different opinions on what the main concept really is about. In order to clarify things, nothing is better than to discuss your opinion on the subject with another person. The following excerpt from 'eddo on Ebonics, an Internet Interview with eddo from New York' provides us with a good firsthand impression of Ebonics: '... lots a talk 'n stuff about chess deleted. Ral: It created a big fuss (at least in the washington post, i'm reading it via the net) but it seems like it [the idea] already is worn out? eddo: Probably. A lot of people were upset that school would be teaching 'bad " English.

Not a lot of info about the decision was publicized. people reacted emotionally, on both sides of the issue. It seems to have died down a bit. Ral: I thought [that] the main issue was about a DIFFERENT English, that people didn't liked to accept the idea of a bi-lingual society? How do YOU feel about it? eddo: It's not a different language, though, just a slang or dialect of English. The problem isn't people using both languages; it's people only knowing " ebonics' and being unable to read / speak 'normal' English. Ebonics isn't like Spanish or French-a true second language.

Ral: I only know ebonics from movies and the post, is it so different from normal english, that ebonics-speaking people don't really understand it? eddo: Ebonics speakers understand normal English, and they use it's vocabulary. They just put sentences together differently (in some cases) and use slang words. They would say 'He be fraid' for example, instead of 'He is afraid. ' Ral: So the main issue is / was really 'bad' english. How many schools have actually introduced ebonics, is it only that single one in california? eddo: Well, 'bad' is judgmental. It's certainly nonstandard.

As far as I know, it was only proposed by the school board in Oakland CA. It is, though, professional linguists because it has interesting patterns. ' (eddo on Ebonics, an Internet Interview with eddo from New York; Tournament #D 38) According to eddo, Ebonics is nothing but the politically correct term for a slang dialect of standard English, a dialect being characteristic of not conjugating the verb 'to be'. A dialect or a language? Much of the present discussion is concentrated on whether to view Ebonics as a dialect of standard English or as different language, a question long debated between linguists. According to many Afro-American liberals Ebonics is solely the official name for the 'African Language Systems' or 'Pan African Communications Behaviours'. A distinct language with its own grammatical rules, and with a speech pattern to a degree, influenced by African roots.

Opponents on the other hand, often people with a different ideological opinion, believe that Ebonics is not a language. Although standard English speakers unfamiliar with ebonics may have trouble understanding some Ebonics words or phrases, the similarity far outweighs the differences. Recently linguistic researchers have shown Ebonics to be very similar to Old English, Irish and Welsh dialects, and have chosen to classify Ebonics as a Social Dialect. A dialect of a language, spoken by minorities, often discriminated cultural or social groups. Some quite contrasting views on the concept of Ebonics, often dividing along ideological lines, which provides us with a most disturbing message; The opinion lies in the skin colour of the beholder. In a racially complex and volatile society like The United States of America, opportunities for different groups to impose their own kind of justice, to send a message, happen all the time.

Yet the Oakland School board resolution, sparked an unfamiliar discussion about race. Ever since the abolition of slavery, separatist Caucasian-American society have discriminated a large number of its Afro-American population, forced them into living in poverty, in a separate culture, both social and language wise. Given the current distribution of wealth in the American society, and the fact that the foundation of this wealth is mainly due to the work of black slaves - who are the ancestors to the remaining Afro-American population in America - today " american society is fundamentally unfair. There is a similar inequality in the distribution of the 'intellectual wealth'.

In a 1963 study, Caucasian-American scientists measured a difference in average IQ of 21, 1 points, between Afro-American and Caucasian-American children. It is no wonder that many Afro-American citizens feel themselves vulnerable to humiliation and seek ways to distinguish themselves from their oppressors, the Caucasian Americans. The Caucasian-Americans means' to distinguish themselves from the descendants of the slaves - today's' Afro-Americans - can be summed up in a single word. That word of course, is 'nigger'. Its persistence reminds the Afro-Americans that they are still perceived as a degraded species of humanity, a level to which Caucasian-Americans can never descend.

Some view Ebonics as black liberals' attempt to counterattack the language based discrimination of Afro-Americans. One person puts it this way: 'The cancer of Afro-centrism has once again reached a new low... in Oakland California... instead of educating its children has... voted to institutionalize the legitimacy of gutter language and slang... The underlying... motivations are... largely based upon the typical paranoid delusions which self-proclaimed black community leaders have claimed before. Specifically it appears to come from a resentment towards Asian immigrants in California who learn English from federally funded programs' (Ebonics Pseudo-Intellectualism for the masses, 1997) The issue about federal funds, is by many seen as one of the primary reason behind the Oakland School Boards decision. Even some of the Oakland school officials says they wanted to use the Ebonics resolution as a license to seek and receive federal and state funds for bilingual education. One could say that the Afro-American liberal leaders have learned to fight back.

Mimicking the economical oppression of former days, they are now turning the weapons back on their oppressors, using the most sacred American dollar in a democratic upraise against the reigning competitors, the Caucasian-Americans. Racial issues are finally making it to the top of the American consciousness. Attention have been focused where it has not been and where in this case it badly needs to be. Different groups with different ideologies get a chance to discuss their opinions, and the American society will definitely prosper from this exchange of views. Both Afro-American liberal groups as well as Caucasian-American racialist groups feel that they gain benefit from this discussion. The liberals because they believe that the claim of a separate and equal Afro-American culture with its own original language is being taken serious at last.

The racialists because they like to show that Afro-Americans are dumb and unable to learn proper English. But the really important question in this case is this: Will the students end up more proficient in English? The children in Oakland Unified School District are challenged indeed. As of in the summer of 1996; - 71% of the students enrolled in Special Education were Afro-American. - 19% of the 12th grade Afro-American students did not graduate- 80% of all suspended students were Afro-American The evidence about the effectiveness of Ebonics - taking care to respect the different use of the English language among certain groups of Afro-Americans, usually the poor and uneducated, is still limited. Why don't I like the word genetically based?

I sense a inner aversion when I read the sentence 'genetically-based language', hatred and stupidity have long enough ruled this world. As an individual brought up in a culture different from that of my racial heritage, I have come to realise that ones' language proficiency is, apparently NOT linked to racial ancestry. The Ebonics movement is worthwhile in many ways, and I must say that I fully back up the meant intention behind the movement. But the one-track minded focus on genetically-based language is creating a reverse effect of ridicule that does not serve the original purpose of Ebonics. Most of the arguments against Ebonics boil down to the main belief that the English language is being totally ruined by people with linguistically inadequate abilities.

This fear of a repulsive 'Bad English' cover up - in my opinion - an unspoken repressed racialism that is threatening the American valuable freedom of speech. Not in such a way that some people are afraid of what they say, but how they say it, or rather that they are afraid of being insensitive to others' opinions. An old saying reads 'One should prefer a good enemy to a bad friend'. Although it is my deepest hope that the aim for a just and equal society can be reached with the mentioned approach of repressing 'bad " feelings, I sincerely doubt this can be accomplished. As I see it, that kind of 'reverse discrimination' is a key element of the Ebonics movement, strengthening the anti-achievement, anti-self mentality in poor Afro-American communities, consequently encouraging people to accept themselves as members of oppressed and aggrieved groups, rather than as individuals who have the power to improve their own lives. CONCLUSION As it turns out, Ebonics is nothing but an old problem, given a new name.

We all like to believe that we have the freedom to choose what to think. But the very system behind language occurrences like Ebonics seems to be a kind of naturally working social regularity in any given society at any given time. Asocial regularity that we just recently have become aware of. The occurrence of separatism in societies seems inevitable. What caused Ebonics seems to be the fact that a large number of the Afro-American population, by being kept isolated and discriminated, have been forced into living in a separate language culture, a culture elsewhere since long time extinct. The underlying idea behind Ebonics, that Afro-American citizens in all ways need to distinguish themselves from their oppressors - the Caucasian-Americans - has evolved from a larger movement to distinguish ethic and moral diseases, Political Correctness.

And the resemblance in character of the Political Correct and the Ebonics movements is revealing. Both movements are based on a genuine desire to induce an awareness of respect, to make a more dignified world. The reis a need for movements and organisations who is willing to fight for respect and justice among races and societies. Sadly, the Afro-American movement's odious means to obtain recognition and respect seem to have undermined its goals. The wanted respect is not gained by marking children speaking a dialect as bilingual. I have, in my discussion of this topic, felt it necessary to disclose my honest point of view in this matter.

And YES, I have cherished my 'demagogue' role. IfI have revealed any meaningful truth that will help to destroy the ignorance that is causing the lamentable situations haunting this earthly world, then all the credit is due to my friend, Jesus. Only the mistakes have been mine. LIST OF LITERATURE Fleischer, Ral; eddo on Ebonics, an Internet Interview with eddo from New York; Correspondence Interview via the Internet, Nuuk / New York, 6-10 march 1997 Hacker, Andrew; Two Nations Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal; Ballantine Books, New York; 1992 Leland, John et al.

; Hooked on Ebonics; Newsweek, page 50-51, 13 January 1997 Oakland Unified School District Board of education; SYNOPSIS OF THE ADOPTED POLICY ON STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; link from web 08 January 1997 Richardson, Ken et al. ; Race, Culture and Intelligence; Penguin Books, Harmondsworth; 1972 Sanchez, Rene; Ebonics: A way to Close the Learning Gap? ; The Washington Post, page A 01, 06 January 1997 Ebonics Debate Comes to Capitol Hill; The Washington Post, page A 15, 24 January 1997 Shkirenko, Alexander; Ebonics Pseudo-Intellectualism for the masses; web 08 January 1997 Weiss, Rick; Among linguists, Black English Gets Respect; The Washington Post, page A 10, 06 January 1997 X, Malcolm; The Autobiography of Malcolm X; Penguin Books, Harmondsworth; 196 APPENDIX: Excerpt from the original 'Declaration of Ebonics': OAKLAND UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT SYNOPSIS OF THE ADOPTED POLICY ON STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT On December 18, 1996 the Oakland Unified School District Board of Education approved a policy affirming Standard American English language development for all students. This policy mandates that effective instructional strategies must be utilized in order to ensure that every child has the opportunity to achieve English language proficiency. Language development for African American students, who comprise 53% of the students in the Oakland schools, will be enhanced with the recognition and understanding of the language structures unique to African American students. This language has been studied for several decades and is variously referred to as Ebonics (literally 'Black sounds'), or 'Pan-African Communication Behaviors,' or 'African Language Systems.

' This policy is based on the work of a broad-based Task Force, convened six months ago to review the district-wide achievement data (see Appendix 1) and to make recommendations regarding effective practices that would enhance the opportunity for all students to successfully achieve the standards of the core curriculum (see Appendix 2). The data show low levels of student performance, disproportionately high representation in special education, and under-representation in Advanced Placement courses and in the Gifted and Talented Education Program. The recommendations (see Appendix 3), based on academic research, focus on te unique language stature of African American pupils, the direct connection of English language proficiency to student achievement, and the education of parents and the community to support academic achievement (see bibliography in Appendix 4). One of the programs recommended is the Standard English Proficiency Program (S.E.P. ), a State of California model program, which promotes English-language development for African-American students. The S.E.P. training enables teachers and administrators to respect and acknowledge the history, culture, and language that the African American student brings to school.

Recently a 'Super literacy " component was added to ensure the development of high levels of reading, writing, and speaking skills. The policy further requires strengthening pre-school education and parent and community participation in the educational processes of the District. The recommendations of the Task Force establish English language proficiency as the foundation for competency in all academic areas. Passage of this policy is a clear demonstration that te Oakland Unified School District is committed to take significant actions to turn around the educational attainment of its African-American students. The Board of Education adopted a policy on teaching English, not Ebonics. Unfortunately, because of misconceptions in the resulting press stories, the actions of the Board of Education have been.

Misconceptions include: Oakland School District has decided to teach Ebonics in place of English. The District is trying to classify Ebonics (i.e. 'Black English,' ) speaking students as Bilingual. OUSD is only attempting to pilfer federal and state funds. OUSD is trying to create a system of perverse incentives that reward failure and lower standards. Oakland is condoning the use of Slang.

Oakland has gone too far. Ebonics further segregates an already racially divided school district. There is no statistical evidence to support this approach or that this approach will improve student achievement. Nothing could be further from the truth.

1). The Oakland Unified School District is not replacing the teaching of Standard American English with any other language. The District is not teaching Ebonics. The District emphasizes teaching Standard American English and has set a high standard of excellence for all its students. 2).

Oakland Unified School District is providing its teachers and parents with the tools to address the diverse languages the children bring into the classroom. 3). The District's objective is to build on the language skills that African-American students bring to the classroom without devaluing students and their diversity. We have directly connected English language proficiency to student achievement. 4). The term " genetically-based' is synonymous with genesis.

In the clause, 'African Language Systems are genetically based and not a dialect of English,' the term " genetically based' is used according to the standard dictionary definition of " has origins in. ' It is not used to refer to human biology. Hooked on Ebonics, p. 50 Ebonics: A Way to Close the Learning Gap? , p. A 01 Among Linguists, Black English Gets Respect, p. A 10 Race, Culture and Intelligence, p. 104 Two Nations, Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal, p. 42 Ebonics: A Way to Close the Learning Gap? , p. A 01 Synopsis of the adopted policy on standard American English Language development, appendix 1 Ebonics: A Way to Close the Learning Gap? , p.

A 01.