Extra Chromosome 21 example essay topic

Down Syndrome Report by: SCHOOL SUX The chromosomal abnormality involved in most cases of Down syndrome -21, or the presence of three copies of the 21st chromosome. As a result, the affected person has 47 chromosomes in all body cells instead of the normal 46, although how this causes the condition's symptoms is not yet known. Scientists assume that the reason for the abnormal chromosomal assortment is the fertilization of an ovum having 24 chromosomes by a sperm with a normal assortment of 23, but they have also found that the sperm can carry the extra chromosome as well. The abnormal ovum or sperm is derived from a germ cell in which the pair of 21st chromosomes holds together and passes into the same sperm or ovum instead of separating. In the type of Down syndrome called translocation, the extra chromosome 21 material is attached to one of the other chromosomes; when some, but not all, of the body's cells carry an extra chromosome 21, the condition is a type of Down syndrome called mosaic ism. Because of the extra chromosome 21, children with Down syndrome often have some characteristic physical features, such as a small head, a flat face, slightly upward slanted eyelids, skin folds at the inner corners of the eyes, small nose and mouth, and small hands and feet.

Most of these characteristic do not interfere with the child's functioning, a doctor primarily uses the characteristics for diagnostic purposes. These physical features are variable, and children with Down syndrome are usually more like other children than the yare different. Individuals with Down syndrome also often have certain medical conditions such as weak muscles, neurological impairments, heart disease, intestinal abnormalities, poorly functioning thyroid gland, eye abnormalities, hearing problems, and skeletal problems. Almost all children with Down syndrome are mentally retarded, in the mild to moderate range. The degree of mental retardation varies considerably.

Through medical treatment the disorders and infections accompanying Down syndrome have no effect on an almost normal lifespan. The overall incidence of Down syndrome is approximately one in 700 births, but the risk varies with the age of the mother. The incidence of Down syndrome in children born to 25-year-old mothers is approximately 1 in 1200; the risk increases to approximately 1 in 350 for 35-year-olds and approximately 1 in 120 for women older than 40 years. Prenatal tests can be used to detect chromosome abnormality causing Down syndrome. SOURCES 1) 'Down Syndrome,' Microsoft (R) Encarta (R) 96 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1995 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. (c) Funk & Wagnalls Corporation.

All rights reserved. 2) 'Down Syndrome,' Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming..