Forest Ecosystems In Brazil example essay topic

Deforestation The planet Earth is being scarred. Everyday the people of the planet earth are polluting the planet's air, water and land. These are all natural resources that are necessary for our survival on this planet. Yet, we continue to abuse our planet. Our world population is growing out of control. The simple lesson of supply and demand tells us that we will need more resources in order to support the booming population.

One of the most important factors in survival is food supply. With out enough food, we will not survive. Unfortunately, our forest ecosystems are paying the price for the food demand. Deforestation is a major problem on our planet. It is something that must be carefully monitored and regulated. Deforestation is a practice that has been taking place for thousands of years.

Human beings have found it necessary to clear out the forests for settlement and cropland. Although there is no evidence as to how much of the planet's forests has been cut down, it is obvious that this valuable ecosystem is declining. Studies estimate that, "original forest cover has been reduced by nearly 50 percent". (WRI, p. 90) The forest ecosystem provides a number of services both directly and indirectly to humans.

For example, the Carbon and Nitrogen cycles are two of the cycles that are necessary for survival on our planet. Carbon is a key element on our planet. Carbon is found in the atmosphere, in plants and animals and in the ocean. "About 33 percent of the carbon that has accumulated in the atmosphere over the past 150 years has come from deforestation and changes in land use".

(WRI, p. 50) When the carbon is in plants, it is released back into the atmosphere in a process called cellular respiration. If the trees and plants are cut down, the carbon cycle is not completed. The carbon will not be effectively removed from the air. "Fifteen tons of carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) occur in the air column above each hectare (2.5 acres) of the Earth's surface. One hectare of lush vegetation can remove 50 tons of carbon from the atmosphere annually". (WRI, p. 60) Nitrogen is another key element.

Lack of Nitrogen could limit plant growth. Often times, Nitrogen is added to fertilizers to help increase the growth of the crop. However, because of deforestation, the nitrogen cycle has become unbalanced. Deforestation has caused an excess of Nitrogen- "far beyond natural levels". (WRI, p. 50) Erosion is another major problem caused by deforestation.

"Soil erosion is, thus, the process by which soil particles are detached from their original site, transported, and eventually deposited at a new location". (WRI, p. 134) In the case of deforestation, erosion will occur faster than natural erosion. This is called "accelerated erosion". It is often 100 times as destructive as geologic erosion". (WRI, p. 135) In the event of such erosion, the soil becomes useless. It loses many of its nutrients.

And, the new deposition can even cause water pollution in nearby lakes, rivers, or oceans. Another major problem associated with deforestation is species loss. According to the World Resources Institute (p. 92)", (Deforestation) directly affects species biodiversity by diminishing the amount of natural habitat available, blocking migration routes, providing avenues for invasion by nonnative species, and changing the microclimate along the remaining habitat edge". It is crucial that this damage is recognized and taken account of.

To show the effects of deforestation, I have chosen two nations. One nation, New Zealand, is a more developed nation. The other nation, Brazil, is a lesser-developed nation. By studying the data available on these countries, we will be able to see what the impact of deforestation has been on each country through a better understanding of each countries economic status as well as the source (s) of the problem. New Zealand New Zealand is a beautiful chain of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, just South East of Australia (Oceania). The country is mostly mountainous with some large coastal plains.

The climate on the islands is mostly temperate although there can be more unpredictable weather on the coastlines. (web) New Zealand's GDP is divided in the following manner: agriculture-8%, industry-23%, and services- 69%. The amount of external debt or national poverty is unknown according to the World Resources Institute. According to the Pacific Directions Report (web), "The implications for New Zealand as a whole are not good. For example, poor health status will inhibit the ability of an increasingly important component of the workforce to make a full contribution to the economy. Similarly, poor education status will mean that an increasing proportion of the workforce will not have a high level of skills. These factors will hinder the innovation required for the future economy".

The lack of education will also have an effect on environmental decision-making. According to the Resource Renewal Institute, New Zealand has lost 80% of its original forests. The once heavily forested chain of islands lost much of its forests to settlement. Farming and the timber industry also share responsibility for the dramatic loss of the forest ecosystems in New Zealand.

Deforestation has had a huge impact on the ecosystems of New Zealand. Soil erosion is one of the problems that deforestation has caused for the country. According to the Resource Renewal Institute, "Approximately 50 percent of New Zealand's land area shows some signs of erosion; of that, half is moderately to severely eroded". It is the practice of deforestation, which has caused many of the problems with soil in New Zealand.

Another problem that New Zealand faces is loss of species, a direct result of deforestation. Many of the plants and animals, which are native to New Zealand, are rare. This makes their survival even more important. The Resources Renewal Institute states that, "New Zealand has one of the highest rates of native species extinction in the world; half of its endemic bird species have become extinct and 500 species of animals and plants are currently threatened". The World Resources Institute says that there are 21 species of trees that are threatened to become extinct in New Zealand.

Fortunately for the sake of biodiversity in New Zealand, something is being to protect the integrity of the ecosystems. In the 1980's and 1990's, New Zealand went on a crusade to change the political system so that it would favor the environmental causes. With the election of a more eco-friendly political party, New Zealand began its "resource management law reform process". (web) The first thing that New Zealand did was to look at its natural resources and decide whether or not the government needed to get involved to help to protect them. It was decided that government intervention was necessary, although the public was still a big part of the decision-making processes. On October 1, 1991, the Resource Management Act (RMA) went into effect. (web) "The RMA is defined as managing the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a way, or at a rate, that enables people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well-being and for their health and safety, while: sustaining the potential of natural and physical resources (excluding minerals) to meet the reasonably foreseeable needs of future generations; safeguarding the life-supporting capacity of air, water, soil, and ecosystems; and avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment". (web) The strict enforcement of the RMA is what makes it so successful. It is crucial that the government become involved in this situation.

Without government involvement, there would be an unnecessary amount of species loss and ecosystem degradation. Awareness and education on the part of the public is also necessary in order to have sustainable resources. Brazil Brazil is a beautiful country located in Eastern South America. The country is a little bit smaller than the United States. Brazil is a mostly flat country with some plains, hills and mountains. The climate in Brazil is mostly tropical. (web) Brazil's GDP is divided in the following way: agriculture- 9%, industry- 29%, and services- 62%.

Brazil has $177,392 (million US dollars) of external debt. 17.4% of Brazil is considered below the poverty level. (WRI, p. 307) "Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence in world markets". (web) Some of Brazil's largest environmental problems are related directly to deforestation. Endangered species, water pollution and land degradation are all related of deforestation. Much of the deforestation in Brazil has to do with improper mining activities. (web) Unfortunately, most of the deforestation occurs in the precious rainforest's of the Amazon Basin in Brazil. Harvesting hard woods such as Mahogany also depletes the rainforest's.

One of the impacts that deforestation has on the forest ecosystems in Brazil is species loss. According to the data in the World Resources Institute, there are 417 known mammal species in Brazil. Of these species, 71 are threatened. There are 751 threatened species of higher plants. Another impact that deforestation has on the environment is land degradation. Whether it is the harvesting of trees or clearing the rainforest's for cropland or mining, the soil is paying the price of this overuse.

This is land that will not be usable due to improper harvesting techniques, which suck the nutrients out of the soil. Since Brazil is a developing country, it is first of all necessary for the government officials as well as the public to be educated in the importance of the biodiversity of the rainforest's. The people need to have a better understanding of what the forest ecosystems are really providing them. Education is the first step. Secondly, the government needs to get involved in ecological issues. They should be responsible for putting regulations and restrictions on any practice, which could have a physical effect on the environment.

For example, the government should have a good inventory of the country's natural resources. The government could also attach taxes to any natural resources, which are being traded out of the country. These taxes could be used, for example, to help replant forests. The money would help encourage farmers and timber harvesters to use alternative means in order to help protect the forests.

Conclusion We have learned in class a lot about environmental sustainability. Humans are just a part of the many ecosystems on our planet. It is important that people consider themselves equals to the other species on this planet. We need each other in order to survive. Increased croplands may be a necessity, however, there are ways to make it less damaging to our environment. We cannot always look at the quickest, cheapest ways to get what we need.

In the end, if we don't change our ways, we (humans) will be responsible for the ultimate demise of our planet.