Form Of Associative Learning example essay topic

Learning Learning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes. "Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p. 146)". By learning how to use a computer you will change from being someone who could not operate a computer to being one who can.

Learning anything new involves change. You learned how to use a computer through experience with the machine. Once you have learned to use a computer, the skill usually does not leave you. Similar to learning how to drive a car, you do not have to go through the process again at a later time. There are three main types of learning are classical conditioning (responding), operant conditioning (acting), and observational learning (observing). It is a nice spring day.

A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is badly stung by the bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby's mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees the pink flower.

The baby's panic at the sight of the pink flower illustrates the learning process of classical conditioning. "Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response (Santrock, p. 147)". Thai, 2 Pavlov's dog salivates in response to a number of stimuli related with food, such as the sight of the food dish, the sight of the individual who brought the food into the room, and the sound of the door closing when the food arrives. Pavlov recognized that the dog's association of these sights and sounds with the food was an important type of learning, which came to be called classical conditioning. Pavlov wanted to know why the dog salivated to different sights and sounds before eating their food. He observed that the dog's behavior included both learned and unlearned components.

"The "unlearned" part of classical conditioning is based on the fact that some stimuli automatically produce certain responses apart from any prior learning; in other words they are inborn (Santrock, p. 149)". The salivation is called an unconditioned response (UR) and the food is the unconditioned stimulus (US). Referring to the baby, the sting was the US and the crying is the UR. Later on Pavlov rang a bell before every serving of food.

After many weeks, the dog salivates every time the bell is rung even though no food is given. The bell is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation to the bell is the conditioned (CR). "Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning, which involves learning that two events are related or linked (Santrock, p. 148)". Operant conditioning explains voluntary behaviors. "Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence (Santrock, p. 155)". Operant conditioning also is also a form of associative learning.

However, in classical conditioning the association is between two stimuli, whereas in operant conditioning the association is between a response and its consequences. Thai, 3 Skinner described operant conditioning as a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of that behavior's occurrence (Santrock, p. 155). Reinforcement means to strengthen. "In positive reinforcement, the frequency of a response increases because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus (Santrock, p. 156)". For example, the rewards for playing a slot machine, where the rewards reinforce you to keep on playing. "In negative reinforcement the frequency of a response increases because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (Santrock, p. 157)".

For example, your father nags at you to clean out the garage. He keeps nagging. Finally you get tired of the nagging and clean out the garage. Your response removed the unpleasant stimulus. "Whereas punishment refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur (Santrock, p. 161)". In positive punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus (Santrock, p. 162)".

Many people associate this by yelling at children or beating them. Positive punishment is often not a good idea. "In negative punishment, a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it (Santrock, p. 162)". Time-out is a form of negative punishment in which a child is removed from a positive reinforcement". Observational learning, also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone's behavior (Santrock, p. 165)".

Albert Bandura described four main processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement. "Before people can reproduce a model's actions, they must attend to what the model is saying or doing. To reproduce an action, you must retain the information and keep it in memory so that it can be retrieved. People might attend to a model and Thai, 4 code in memory what they have seen, but because of limitations in motor development they might not be able to reproduce the model's action (Santrock, p. 167)".

For example, thirteen-year-olds might see Kobe Bryant do a reversed two-handed dunk in game 3 of the 2001 San Antonio series but be unable to reproduce his actions. On many occasions we may attend to what a model says or does, retain the information in memory, and possess the motor capabilities to perform the action, but we might fail to repeat the behavior because of inadequate reinforcement (Santrock, p. 167). For example, you take an art class; the instructor chooses one of your art pieces that you made during the class for display. This reinforcement encourages you to keep drawing. Bandura's view about observational learning is an "information-processing activity".

We focused on three main forms of learning; classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. In classical conditioning, we focused on Pavlovian conditioning. Operant conditioning described the aspects of B.F. Skinner. In observation learning, we centered on Bandura's four main ideas. Leaning is how we respond, act, and observe what is going on around us. Work Cited Blake, Toni.

Enduring Issues in Psychology. San Diego: Green haven Press Inc, 1995. Calvin, William H. How Brains Think? New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996. James, William. The Principles of Psychology.

New York: Dove Publication Inc, 1918. Santrock, John W. Psychology. San Francisco: The McGraw-Hill Inc, 2000..