Formal Operational Level In Science example essay topic

During the 1920's, a biologist named Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development of children. He caused a new revolution in thinking about how thinking develops. In 1984, Piaget observed that children understand concepts and reason differently at different stages. Piaget stated children's cognitive strategies which are used to solve problems, reflect an interaction BETWEEN THE CHILD'S CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE AND experience in the world. Research on cognitive development has provided science educators with constructive information regarding student capacities for meeting science curricular goals. Students which demonstrate concrete operational thinking on Piagetian tasks seem to function only at that level and not at the formal operational level in science.

Students which give evidence of formal operational thinking on Piagetian tasks often function at the concrete operational level in science, thus leading researchers to conclude that the majority of adolescents function at the concrete operational level on their understanding of science subject matter. In a study by the National Foundation of subjects in Piaget's Balance Task were rated as being operational with respect to proportional thought development. In addition, seventy-one percent of subjects did not achieve complete understanding of the material studied in a laboratory unit related to chemical solubility. The unit delt with primary ratios and proportions, and when overall physical science achievement was considered, about forty-three percent of the formal operational studies were not able to give simple examples of the problem that were correctly solved on the paper and pencil exam (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 104). Piaget was primarily concerned with the developmental factors that characterize th changes in the child's explanations of the world around him or her.

Piaget's early research showed three parallel lines of development. First, from an initial a dualism or confusion of result of the subject's own activity with objective changes to reality to a differentiation between subject and object. Second, from a phenomenological interpretation of the world to one which is based on objective causality. Third, from a unconscious focusing on one's own point of view to a decent ration which allocates the subject a place in the world alongside other persons and objects. In functional terms, these concepts are termed assimilation and accommodation in reference to interaction with the physical world, and socialization in reference to interaction with other people (Inhelder & Sinclair, 1974, p. 22). Piaget's states many secondary level science courses taught in the past at the have been too abstract for most students since they are taught in lecture or reception learning format.

Thus, students who only have concrete operational structures available for their reasoning will not be successful with these types of curricula. Programs using concrete and self-pacing instruction are better suited to the majority of students and the only stumbling block may be teachers who cannot understand the programs or regard them as too simplistic. Since the teacher is a very important variable regarding the outcome of the science, the concern level of the teacher will determine to what extent science instruction is translated in a cognitively relevant manner in the classroom. Educators who prefer to have children learn to make a scientific interpretation rather than a mythological interpretation of natural phenomena, and one way to introduce scientific interpretations is to analyze any change as evidence of interaction. One way in which this teaching device can function is if there is an instructional period of several class sessions in which the students are engaged in "play" with new of familiar materials; followed by is a suggestion of a way to think about observations; lastly there is a further extermination in which the students can explore the consequences of using their discoveries.

Through the process of guided discovery, the student goes from observation at the beginning to interpretations at the end (Athey & Rubadeau, 1970, p. 245). In Piaget's study of the operations that underlie the system of scientific concepts related to number, measurement, physical quantities, and logical classes and relations, structural models were needed to explain the processes involved in the formation of these concepts (Inhelder & Sinclair, 1974, p. 23). The grouping of classes and relations describe the characteristics of the end product of process of growth as a particular system of mental operations. The logical and infra logical systems of concrete thought prolong the action structures of the sensorimotor period, but because they are subsystems of extensive higher-order structure, they pave the way for the mathematical group structures of the period of formal thought. Piaget proposes (Piaget & Inhelder, 1971, p. 387) that knowing the object means acting upon it in order to transform it and discover its properties through its transformations, with the aim being to get at the object. Cognition is not based only on the object, but also on the exchange or interactions between subject and object resulting from the action and reaction of the two.

Actions are coordinated in accordance with operational structures which in the first place are constituted precisely as a function of the manipulation of objects. The instrumentality of operational structures make possible the processes of relating, corresponding, ordinal estimation, measurement, classification, and prepositional structionalism. In a liquid conservation problem, (Inhelder & Sinclair, 1974, p. 129) Inhelder proposed that because the child became able to regard the results of pouring as the final state of a continuous process of change, he can integrate all aspects of the situation and make fewer references to the dimensions as such because he has understood the nature of their coordination. Greenfield's results with this procedure using subjects from eleven to thirteen years of age, indicated operator solutions different form tests with eight year old. Considered in the context of the subject's reactions to various conservation problems, if they are used to back up a non-conservation answer, it shows a stage of reasoning based on the possibility of an empirical return to the initial state, and that he is not compensating for reciprocal variations of the dimensions. On the other hand, if the subject uses the same arguments to back up a conservation answer, he has understood the concepts of compensation and true reversibility.

The third substage of the concrete operations period is called the concrete operations substage and lasts from about the seventh year to the eleventh year. To Piaget, an operation is defined as perceptual action or movement which can return to its starting point and can be integrated with other actions also possessing the feature of reversibility (Athey, 1970, p. 231). A concrete operation is therefore the coordination and internalization of perceptual actions that have been made on a concrete object. Piaget also found that the ability to use formal operations sometimes develops without instruction, but it is not adequate to encompass the results, thinking, or attitudes of modern science. There develops a kind of "common sense" that does not enable them to recognize the type of relationship one has to recognize when one makes a scientific study. In science instruction, a qualitative change in learning can occur if one develops in the student's thinking about natural phenomena, a hierarchical structure of concepts that later becomes increasingly sophisticated.

Each topic in the science program should represent an application of previous elements and at the same time lays a foundation for subsequent elements of study (Piaget, 1973, p. 31). Teachers must understand that Piaget is primarily concerned with instruction that goes beyond memorized facts or skills. With a comprehensive knowledge of characteristics of concrete and formal operational thought, teachers will recognize various levels of student thinking within the broad range of mental development. One method which will provide students with activities that require logical thinking is to allow them to choose their own investigations. Initially, investigations would be simple, using tangible and uncomplicated equipment. Features like cloud chambers and voltmeters may obscure learning because of their complexity, and less sophisticated experiments will allow students to control variables, collect data, and draw conclusions based on their data.

Constructive experiments may include: does cold water freeze faster than hot, must seeds be soaked in water before they germinate, does the rate of evaporation of water depend on the temperature alone (Philips, Feb. 1976, p. 31) Piaget believed that traditional schools have failed to train students in experimentation, such as the variation of one factor when the other have been neutralized. Future teaching methods will have to give increasingly greater scope to the activity and grouping of students as well as to the spontaneous handling of devices to confirm or refute a hypothesis for a phenomenon. If there is any area which active methods will become imperative, it is that in which experimental procedures are learned. The basic principle of active methods may be expressed to understand is to discover; or reconstruct by discovery.

These conditions must be met with if future students are formed who are capable of production and creativity, and not simply repetition (Piaget, 1973, p. 19). Teachers will increasingly have to focus on student learning at the secondary level of if the goals of science education are going to be achieved to a greater extent than at the present. Science teachers who are chiefly concerned about themselves in relation to their teaching role or about their adequacy as a teacher, will be unable to focus on the intellectual capabilities of their students, in spite of the importance and impact which this has been proven to have on student's learning. Therefore, it can be stated that Piaget's theories of cognitive development have, and will continue to have a great effect on the manner in which teaching is done.

Bibliography

Athey, I., & Ru bandeau, D. (1970).
Educational implications of piaget's theory. Waltham, Mass. Ginn-Blaisdell. Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958).
The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence. New York: Basic Books. Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1971).
Mental imagery in the child. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Inhelder, B., & Sinclair, H. (1974).
Learning and development of cognition. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. Philips, D. (1976, February).
Piagetian perspectives on science teaching. The science teacher. vol. 43, No. 2. Piaget, J. (1973).