Fourth Crusade French Knights example essay topic

"Demon Theory" first and longest running theory of "deviant behavior" to see how ideas create beliefs, institutional authority, and social control methods used to exercise control. "Self-fulfilling prophecy" where belief define "reality as true in outcome as people act on beliefs" or W.I. Thomas theory. Religion and Sin dominant form of "deviant behavior" and Methods of "Social Control" from "demon theory" of possession. Body is invaded by demon, evil spirits, devil, etc. and possesses person who loses sense of "sin" and cannot repent - "confess" to religious leader for sins, and seek forgiveness - by acknowledging wrong - rules are correct and rights, repent by doing penance, and then communion accepting back into congregation.

Social Control Methods of Church - Religion when "authority" coming into question (acceptance of ideas that are the sources of power - emerging conflicts: sacred, secular authority, fear and threat when deviant or those seen as "deviant" don't repent and seek absolution or remission of sin: "Exorcism" method of Priest used to drive out demons or lucifer that possesses body resulting in sin without confession or penance - save the soul by actions on the body. "Crusades" to kill and save non-believers, "Witch Hunt" for evil spirits that control persons who are suspicious or engaging in witch craft, or Inquisition to gain confessions for wrongs - conversion to sacred as competing ideas. Durkheim's Functions of Deviance as "natural behavior" in any group: 1) Affirms cultural values & norms; 2) Responses to deviance clarify moral boundaries for acceptable & non-accepted; 3) Response to Deviance unifies group, creating good and bad; and 4) Deviance encourages social change, Merton's Strain when goals and institutional means out of sync consolidate power. Deviance is NOT a pathology, abnormal, or unusual. Summary: Ed.

Channel: (1212) only one of 30,000 French children and about 200 of 20,000 German children survive to return home. The Crusades 1095 Council of Clermont, Pope (1096-1291) 195 year period of periodic calls by Religious / Political leaders to fight holy wars against "godless" non-Christian heathens in Middle East. At least Eight numbered, occur during moments of social and political crises and conflict about "power" when send off "contentious" fighting knights or children on Crusade elsewhere to prove worth and loyalty to cause. Ibid.

"Witch Hunt" (1427-1755-328 years) for threats to conventional order during moments of social, political, and economic change, 1427 first "major" witch hunt in Switzerland, Joan of Arc burned as witch by English in Rouen, France. 1486 first book on witchcraft, Hammer of Sorceresses, published in Germany. 1580 witches persecuted throughout western Europe. 1648 first "witch" executed in North America. 1692 Witchcraft trials are held at Salem, Massachusetts; 20 people are executed. 1755 Adventurer and lover Casanova is arrested in Venice for witchcraft.

1953 Arthur Miller writes The Crucible, about Salem Witch Trials toward end Sen. Joe McCarthy Era witch-hunt for Communists. Inquisition (1231-1834 or 603 Jews & others) - torture to gain confession - Europe continent continues "inquisitional" law where must prove innocence, vs. English "common law" of case "mens rea" intent - act decided by in knights in trial of combat among nobility with Legal Rights - winner is innocent, Later hire knight to fight for trial of combat, then still later a lawyer who is advocate, U.S. Constitution "innocent until proven "guilty" using strongest "beyond reasonable doubt" vs. "probable cause" or other standards as "accusation" or other standards where "claims" by others don't operate and examine "evidence" for "mens acta" AND motivation "mens rea" guilty mind or evil intent. Still exorcisms today - 1972 article of girl died, and State prosecute Priest for homicide. Crusades: 1095 - In 1095 at Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for war to rescue Holy Land from Muslim infidels. The First Crusade (1096) is assembled in response to Emperor Alexius I. The Christians capture Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099). They establish the Crusader States, ruled by Europeans.

It is the only successful crusade. The Second Crusade begins after the Seljuk Turks recapture Edessa, one of the Crusader States, in 1144. It is led by King Louis V of France and Holy Roman Emperor Conrad. Crusaders perish in Asia Minor (1147). Saladin controls Egypt (1171), unites Islam in Holy War (Jihad) against Christians, recaptures Jerusalem (1187). Third Crusade (1189) under kings of France, England, and Germany fails to reduce Saladin's power.

Fourth Crusade (1200-1204) -French knights sack Greek Christian Constantinople, establish Latin empire in Byzantium. Greeks reestablish Orthodox faith (1262). Children's Crusade (1212) - only one of 30,000 French children and about 200 of 20,000 German children survive to return home. {Why "Children" little adults - mixed view as potential threat to older, or more recent "innocent" as "childhood" and adolescence emerge with industrialization. Other Crusades - Fifth, against Egypt (1217), Sixth (1228), Seventh (1248), Eighth (1270). Mamelukes conquer Acre; end of the Crusades (1291).

1231 The Inquisition begins as Pope Gregory IX assigns Dominicans responsibility for combating heresy (1231-1834 or 603 Jews & others). Torture used (1252). Ferdinand and Isabella establish Spanish Inquisition (1478). Torquemada, Grand Inquisitor, forces conversion or expulsion of Spanish Jews (1492). Forced conversion of Moors (1499).

Inquisition in Portugal (1531). First Protestants burned at the stake in Spain (1543). Spanish Inquisition abolished (1834).