Geostationary Orbit And Transfer Orbit example essay topic

16351 FLIGHT AND SPACEFLIGHT 2 January 22nd 2001 10 - 12 am Attempt 10 questions from section A and 2 questions from section B Section A (4 marks per question) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Sketch the layouts of the following types of wind tunnel indicating the working section, settling chamber and fan. Closed return Open return List two advantages and two disadvantages for each type of tunnel. What is meant by the term "escape velocity"? State Kepler's law of planetary motion?

Describe two types of balance arrangement for measuring the forces and moments on an aircraft model in a wind tunnel. What is meant by the terms parking orbit, geostationary orbit and transfer orbit? How may errors in the manufacture of a two hole probe be accounted for during probe calibration? With the aid of suitable diagrams, describe the operation of a laser Doppler anemometer. With the aid of suitable diagrams, describe the operation of a hot wire anemometer Describe three methods by which a flow may be illuminated to allow images to be acquired for particle image velocimetry (PIV) flow measurement. Outline the procedures by which a vector map is obtained by PIV.

Sketch an aircraft at the beginning of its takeoff run and indicate the forces acting upon it. Hence, or otherwise, create an equation which describes the force balance acting upon this aircraft. Sketch a typical plot of power available and power required against equivalent airpseed for a piston prop powered aircraft. Indicate on the plot the airspeed for maximum rate of climb. Describe how a plot of power required against power available may be used to estimate the service ceiling of an aircraft Section B (20 marks per question) B B (1) (2) (3) Neglecting aerodynamic drag and by equating the centrifugal force of an object in orbit with the gravitational force acting upon it derive an equation relating velocity to altitude of an object in a circular orbit.

[6 marks] Calculate the orbital velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit at an altitude of 900 km. [2 marks] It is now required to transfer the satellite into a geosynchronous, circular orbit in the same plane. Calculate the in-track delta vs. required to transfer the satellite between orbits via a Hoh man transfer orbit. [12 marks] Assume ro = 6.378 x 106 m and go = 9.81 m /'s 2 Why is it usually impossible to match flight Reynolds number and Mach number in wind tunnel tests? Discuss three ways in which tunnels may be designed and constructed to allow high Reynolds and Mach number testing to be undertaken simultaneously. [14 marks] Discuss the problems of operating these tunnels.

[6 marks] Working from first principles show that, for the stick free condition, [14 marks] Where all the symbols have their usual meaning. Hence, or otherwise, show that the static margin, stick free, is given by; [6 marks] Equations for Stability and Control The following equations may be helpful. All symbols have their usual meaning Pitching moment equation Tailplane lift coefficient Incidence at the tailplane Downwash at the tailplane Elevator hinge moment Work done moving control stick equals work done moving control surface Stick gearing Equations for Orbital Mechanics Variation of gravity with altitude Kinetic energy Gravitational work Centrifugal force Velocity at any point in an elliptic orbit PROPERTIES OF AN ELLIPSE a = semi-major axis, b = semi-minor axis, e = eccentricity End of paper MTS 2001.