Inca Empire example essay topic

Aztecs: Incas At the time the Spaniards arrived to the New World they found different Indian civilizations with many similitude and differences. In Mexico the Spaniards found a very stable empire called the Aztecs; the Aztec empire controlled a region stretching from the Valley of Mexico in central Mexico east to the Gulf of Mexico and south to Guatemala. The Aztec built great cities and developed a complex social, political, and religious structure. Spaniards found another Indian civilization called Incas Empire; it was a vast kingdom in the Andes Mountains of South America, but at the time of the Spaniards conquest the empire was in a huge crisis caused by the death of their leader. Before the crisis, the Inca government system was among the most complex political organizations of many Native American cultures.

Although the Incas lacked both a written language and the concept of the wheel, they built large stone structures without mortar and constructed suspension bridges and roads that crossed the steep mountain valleys of the Andes. These two empires were passing for different situations at the moment of the contact; finally the Spaniards obtained the control and star controlling the empires. The Aztec Empire was a Native American state that ruled much of what is now Mexico from about 1428 until 1521, when the empire which was very stable; The Aztecs empire was conquered by the Spaniards. The Aztecs empire represented the highest point in the development of the rich Aztec civilization that had begun more than a century earlier. Their capital, Tenochtitl " an, was located on the site of present-day Mexico City. Tenochtitl " an was an elaborate metropolis built on islands and reclaimed marsh land, Tenochtitl " an was possibly the largest city in the world at the time of the Spanish conquest.

Tenochtitl " an featured a huge temple complex, a royal palace, and numerous canals. Aztec cities were also dominated by giant stone pyramids topped by temples where human sacrifices were dedicated to their Gods. Aztec society was highly structured, based on agriculture, and guided by a religion that pervaded every aspect of life. The Aztec worshiped Gods represented natural forces that were vital to their agricultural economy. Although Aztec society had strict classes, a person's status could change based on his or her contribution to society. The society was divided into different classes like for example the leader, the nobility, local rulers, military, priestly, artisans, and commoners (Class notes from 5/12/05).

Furthermore, the Aztecs wrote in pictographs, or small pictures symbolizing objects or the sounds of syllables, as well they used pictographs for their counting system, which was based on the number 20; in addition, the Aztecs had a calendar called calendar stone, which weighs 22 metric tons and measures 3.7 m in diameter. The calendar stone represents the Aztec universe. The face of the sun (an Aztec God) is carved in the center. The other civilization conquest by the Spaniards was the Inca Empire. At the moment of the first contact between Spaniards and the Incas the Empire was in crisis, their leader "Top" died and leaved the empire without a successor (Class notes 5/12/05).

The Incas conquered a number of neighboring peoples as they expanded their area of influence outward from their home in the Cuzco valley of highland Peru. Also the Incas built a wealthy and complex civilization that ruled between 5 million and 11 million people. The empire language was called "Quechua". The Inca society was strictly organized, from the emperor and royal family down to the peasants. The emperor was thought to be descended from the Sun God, and he therefore ruled with divine authority; all power rested in his hands. In the religion the supreme God of the Incas was the Creator God, Viracocha.

The Incas also worshiped the Sun God, Inti, from whom the royal family was believed to be descended, and a number of other nature Gods that were vital to the success of their crops. The Incas also believed that certain objects and places were sacred. In addition, the priests treated most illness with healing ceremonies, the Incas were capable of amazing feats of surgery, including amputations and perhaps even bone transplants. In addition the Incas seemed to have reckoned time by a lunar calendar and had accurate standards of measurement (Pg. 33). The Incas society focused in agricultural activities based in potatoes, quinoa and maize. The Incas also used different animals to domesticate like for example llamas, vicunas, alpacas and guanacos.

In addition the Incas' public works were built through a labor tax known as mit'a; this tax required most people incorporated into the Inca Empire to provide labor for public works during certain portions of each year. This labor tax supported large-scale public works that required the marshalling of large labor forces, such as for the building of forts, roads, and bridges, or the mining of metals and gems. It also allowed the emperor to raise large armies to undertake wars of conquest. Road building was important to establish communication throughout the huge, complex empire. The Inca emperors built a 16,000-km (10,000-mi) network of stone roads. These roads permit the mobility of goods and services around the empire.

Also, the roads provided housing for military members that travel around the Empire (Class notes 5/12/05). In summary, these two great empires had many resources about religion, social division and economical aspects. But at the moment of the first contact between the Spaniards and the empires, the Aztecs were much more stable in political matters than the Incas. However, both empires were destroyed and controlled by the Europeans. Today the Aztecs remain as an important influence on the development of Mexican culture, many contemporary Mexicans are descended from the Aztecs and until today many excavations continue to uncover temple foundation, statues and jewelry and other artifacts of the Aztec civilization. In the other hand, the Incas had a big influence in the language, religion, social, music and arts for today society in countries like Peru.

Actually we are still discovering more about these civilizations and we even surprise of their culture and how it influence our civilization until today. Resources: Benjamin Keen, Keith Haynes. A History Of Latin America Seventh Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston New York, 2004. Emma Sor do.

Latin American Civilization Class Notes. 5/12/05.