Insulin As A Carrier For Glucose example essay topic

335 words
Type 1 Pathophysiology Stage 1: genetic predisposition Stage 2: environmental triggers Spring and fall Epidemics of various viral diseases Stage 3: active autoimmunityICA's and insulin antibodies progressively decrease the effective circulating insulin level Stage 4: progressive beta cell destruction Stage 5: overt diabetes mellitus Type 2 Pathophysiology Insulin is a building (anabolic) hormone. w / o 3 metabolic problems occur Decreased glucose utilization Increased fat mobilization Increased protein utilization Decreased Glucose Utilization Cells that require insulin as a carrier for glucose can take in only 25% of the glucose they require for fuel Do Not Require Insulin for Glucose Transport Require Insulin Nerve tissue Adipose tissue Erythrocytes Skeletal muscle Cells of intestines Cardiac muscle Liver Kidney tubules Inadequate amounts of insulin = levels of glucose rise Elevation continues to rise b / c liver cannot store glucose as glycogen w / o sufficient insulin levels Return to homeostasis = kidney excretes excess glucose = urine acting as osmotic diuretic = increased water loss aka fluid volume deficit. Increased Fat Mobilization Body turns to fat stores for energy production when glucose unavailable Type 1 Type 2 w / severe stress Fat metabolism causes breakdown products called ketones Ketones accumulate in the blood, are excreted through kidney & lungs, is measured in blood and urine. High levels = uncontrolled diabetes Ketones interfere w / body's acid-base balance by producing hydrogen ions Decreased pH = metabolic acidosis Sodium follows excreted ketones = sodium depletion and further acidosis Excreted ketones also = increase in osmotic pressure = increased fluid loss / c fats are primary source of energy body lipids increase to 5 x normal = atherosclerosis Increased Protein Utilization Protein wasting = lack of insulin w / o insulin to stimulate protein synthesis, the balance is altered = catabolism amino acids are converted to glucose in the liver increasing glucose levels untreated = emancipated appearance Diagnosis of Diabetes Physical exam, medical history, labs Labs- Fasting Glucose 125 Casual Glucose 200 Postprandial 200 HbA 1 c C-peptide.