Issue Of Young People And Drug Use example essay topic

How Successful has British Drug's Policy been in the Battle against Drugs. Chapter One Introduction: The Drugs phenomenon The desire to experience some altered state of consciousness seems to be an intrinsic part of the human condition... we are surrounded by drugs... the cups of coffee and tea, the glasses of beer, wine and whiskey, the snorts of cocaine, the joints, the tablets of acid, the fixes of heroin, and the ubiquitous tranquillisers and sleeping pills... drug taking still remains one of the easiest and most i mediate ways of of altering psychological states; for some people the ease and immediacy with which drugs achieve these effects prove particularly seductive. So long as there are drug takers there will be drugs casualties... but the quest to eliminate drug taking has proved to be search for a chimera. Drug taking is here to stay and one way or another we must all learn to live with drugs. The issue of young people and drug use has attracted an unprecedented amount of public concern and debate during the 1990's. Yet the debate has been simplistic and has become increasingly distorted and ill informed.

There are clear dangers in the blinkered and sometimes irrational attitudes of the British establishment about youth related issues, in particular drugs. There is a current tendency to resort to prejudice and stereotype when trying to deal with this issue and this, claim the Institute for the Study of Drug Dependence (IS DD): ... provides a powerful and robust matrix in which these issues are routinely linked. The matrix is mirrored in contemporary political discourse and therefore in emergent public policy. The young are surrounded by contradictory messages concerning the use of drugs. Politicians have condemned their use and yet actively support and encourage the free market enterprise that both creates and feeds off the drug industry In the media drugs have become known as the enemy within, yet on television and cinema they are often linked with romance and enjoyment. The high street off licences sell alcohol and cigarettes, two potententially extremely dangerous drugs.

Not only is tobacco more addictive than heroin but also is the cause of more fatalities than any other drug. This double standard is reinforced at home when the same adults demonstrate their condemnation of drug use to their children by getting drunk at the office party. The current drug's scene is often portrayed by politicians and the media as a modern day phenomenon, this is incorrect, heroin from the sap of poppies dates back to 5000 BC. There seems to be a human need to use drugs, seek oblivion or excitement and in essence do dangerous things.

If we are to judge a drug as a psyochactive substance that alters the state of mind. then drugs surround us, alcohol, caffeine, beer and cigarettes to name a few are all acceptable drugs. This confused view of drug taking is compounded by history when what we may see as an unacceptable drug today is not tomorrow and visa versa; opium was legal in the last century, yet in the 18th century caffeine was banned. When in 1994, John Major announced his government's new strategies for tackling drug use among school age children, he insisted on maintaining his distance... The soundbite on this occasion was yob culture: No single crime prevention measure would be more significant than success on the front against drugs... People rightly deplore elements of what could be called yob culture... Let us set ourselves an objective to change it...

Make a real effort to create anti yob culture. This negativity towards the young by public policy professionals is further illustrated by the fact that young people as a group are excluded from any collaborative arrangements about drug interventions. There seems therefore little understanding of the divide that separates young people from their professional elders over drugs issues, partly because young people themselves are offered no input into the debate, as they are defined as the objects of change. We are therefore in danger of not using our trump card, in those with the most realistic understanding of the experience of drugs and the drug scene.

There is clearly a need for more rapport between the generations, as drug use in the UK is undergoing dramatic change due to the sheer pace and complexity of recent developments. The pick n mix drug culture that characterises the new kaleidoscopes of drug use and drug careers have left research and professional knowledge behind and the worn down images of drug users portrayed by the media and politicians are no long accurate, if indeed they ever were. The hackneyed notions of users as, societies few unacceptable male, working class, criminal elements can no longer hold water. Ecstasy scandal at Eaton - two boys have been kicked out of Prince William's school after being caught with deadly Ecstasy tablets. (Mirror, October 19, 1996) Surveys concerning drug use among adolescents indicates clearly that they are increasingly coming into contact with and using drugs. (Ecstasy and the dance culture, Nicholas Saunders, 1995).

This view is supported by the third year of professor Howard Parker's research on the prevalence of drug use in North West by young people aged 16 years and under. He discovered the number experimenting with drugs has now risen to over 50%. It is now the norm for young people to experiment with drugs (Imich, 1995). Study shows drug taking among school children has trebled... cannabis, ecstasy and speed have become part of life for children as generations that smoked behind bicycle sheds have given way to one in which there is a growing acceptance of recreational drugs... (Sunday Times, July 1995).

Adolescents of the 1990's are growing up with a higher level of drug availability than ever before and the resolution of the young over whether or not to use drugs is a decision based on personal and peer group choice since the availability of drugs is a normal part of the leisure-pleasure landscape. Their current illicit drugs of choice are marketed in such ways as to make them appear safe, attractive and good value for money; the sorts of qualities we are all encouraged to embrace as we push our trolleys around the supermarket. To give an example of how drugs can be seen as undergoing a process of commodification we can cite the practice of labelling doses, wraps or deals. In Europe and North America labelling has been a long established marketing strategy (Inciardi, 1986) with regards to batches of LSD and ecstasy. Cannabis and heroin have also been reported for sale in London under brand names (Hyder, 1993).

In the next few years, and certainly in urban areas, we are likely to see non-drug trying adolescents in the minority, indeed in one sense they will be deviants. Bland drug education, inconsistent school disciplinary and criminal justice responses and an absence of accessible relevant drug education, prevention and treatment services all serve to widen the gulf between the young and old, user and non user. Political discourse, whether emphasising the rhetoric of blame or alternatively perceiving drugs as synonymous with crime, danger or despair, continues to avoid the essential debate, about a realistic strategy to manage the normalisation of drug use. Chapter Two Losing touch with youth Culture During the 1970's a critical sociology of youth culture emerged (Mung ham and Pearson 1976). It attempted to explain how each generation of youth endeavours collectively to resolve difficulties with image, identity, and role through youth cultural activity, whether it was resistance through rituals, sabotaging menial work, outwitting the police, using drugs, or simply by finding a symbolic style through clothes, hair, music or dance. Most of the works mentioned above emphasised that youth cultural responses were linked to social structural dysfunctions or disjunctions.

Emphasis in the 1980's was the impact of race and gender on the experience of being young and deviant in a post-industrial society With a few notable exceptions, very few social theorists have yet to reconsider youth culture in light of more recent developments. The result of this is a mystery about the way attitudes and perspectives of the young are being affected by rapid social and economic change. There is a need to explain and link a range of social and economic changes which potentially touch each citizen. The fracture of traditional moral authority, the impact of international communications and transportation, the role of global markets on consumer choice, the emphasis on consumption rather than production, the changing nature of employment and unemployment, the reshaping of class and gender relationships, the formulation of communication between individuals and institutions - all need further explanation. Contemporary research on leisure, lifestyles and youth is driven by official concerns about community safety, youth unemployment and especially by a preoccupation with health, risk taking and the danger of youth as a transmitter of disease, notably AIDS. The lack of any real research into the meaning of drug use among contemporary youth, especially in its social and economic context, is concerning as we are no nearer to answering key questions such as; is such extensive drug use just a temporary craze, a fashion or fad Moreover is it going to be confined to this generation or is it the first stage of something far more significant If we begin to analyse this generation's engagement with drugs as a form of consumption, a choice in self medication, based on a cost-benefit analysis of what the pleasure market and indeed pain markets can offer, the assumption that the drugs situation in the UK is a soluble social problem may be naive and what we are seeing is in fact a functional and powerful social process.

Measham has pointed out some of the features of contemporary youth and their association with drugs. Firstly gender surveys suggest that being female can no longer be seen as a status which somehow prevents or reduces drug trying in adolescence. Similarly social class, once a key variable in understanding deviance, is no longer a primary indicator of illicit drug use. Moreover the high rate of drug use amongst students in the UK is likely to continue to normalize middle class drugtaking. Secondly, the impact of the global economy helps to create the ready availability of illicit drugs in the social space which young people occupy - the school, the street, the pub, the club and at the friend's house. Similar to smoking and drinking drugs have taken the place of these time-out repetoirs found in these venues, so drugtaking has become commonplace.

This overlapping of illegal and legal product markets is consistent with poly-drug use which is developing in the UK. Evidence of this process can be found in drug seizures by customs and in drug agency referral patterns. Thirdly, it is important to note the way that the use of illicit drugs has become internalized or integrated into official youth culture. Perhaps it was the arrival of rave or pay parties in the late 1980's that was the watershed whereby drugs moved from subculture status to become mainstream youth culture.

One can see this process in youth magazines, music fashion markets and popular language which have all integrated drugs. (see appendix one.) Finally there seems to be a collapse of distinctions between legal and illegal psychoactive markets. There is strong evidence to suggest a convergence between alcohol and illicit drug use. The perceived, psychoactive effects of both alcohol and illicit drugs are being described by the young using the same terms - to get a buzz so I can get off my head or lose it. It is also clear that the alcohol industry and the drug culture borrow names from each other, for example, Diamond White is the name of a popular brand cider drink but to ecstasy users White Diamond is the name of one of the mid 1990's ecstasy-type dance tablets. If we add to this the increased availability of illegal drugs, then drugs consumption best depicts what is happening and what is going to happen in the future. Illegal drugs such as ecstasy are grown, manufactured, packaged and marketed through an enterprise culture whereby the legal and illicit markets have merged.

Thus if people wish to purchase psychoactive experiences, then they may do so. Such exchanges cannot be prevented given that our society, like other post-industrial societies, requires the same conditions and lack of restriction (upon which the drug economy flourishes) for the effective functioning of the mainstream global economy. Chapter Three The New Drugs Culture With the use of all kinds of illegal drugs continually increasing, many social commentators have begun to question the current direction of British drug policy (Parker and Measham 1994, Mumford 1994). When discussing the issue of drug use and its control, a number of different protagonists seem to emerge. These can be defined along a broad spectrum from anti-drug prohibitionists to pro-drug legalisers. There are those who believe in the decriminalization of drug use in order to control consumption and those who believe in strong arm tactics of heavy terms of imprisonment for those caught dealing in drugs.

Moreover certain senior police officers have declared the problem is such that it is now impossible to effectively combat the drug problem, a view shared by Commander John Grieve of the Metropolitan Police. These opinions stem from both conservative and liberal minded people of all political persuasions. Following highly publicised drugs tragedies we can see these groups and others locked in public battle. The lack of hegemony is made apparent in the Express newspaper (Wednesday February 26, 1997), where a predominantly middle class, Tory panel were asked their opinion on the so called Drug's crisis. Responses ranged from the death penalty, heavy jail sentences to better education and rehabilitation. Some of these responses show just how monolithic and primitive the debate about young people and drug use in the UK has become.

This often ambiguous discourse is now shared by politicians and the media. Alternative voices by judges and senior police officers are being increasingly discouraged and muted. This is a dangerous president because it is protecting and reinforcing a perspective which is constructed from a mixture of prejudice, ignorance and political expediency that assumes the youth is to blame for crime and tainted by drugs. This refusal to appreciate the real lives of the young in terms of setting social policy agendas can only lead to a distorted view of youth culture. The result of which is an alienation between elder professionals and the youth, thus accordingly exacerbating the perceived drugs problem.

The fact that drug policy debates are being driven by politics and the media and not by research means that a rational response to the drugs problem is ever more remote. In Holland people from the drug culture, supported by government funds, go to parties and raves and offer a cheap service for people to test drugs. I m not calling for that in Britain... but we want to see if it is transferable. However Treasury Minister Angela Knight replied to this proposition: In some respects the suggestion condones drug taking when drug taking is wrong, it's harmful and causing immense problems for young people and society as a whole. Many people make the simplistic assumption that drug use is caused by the activities of dealers and traffickers, however most studies conclude that drug use is largely attributable to encouragement by friends.

A great deal of evidence suggests that drug use spreads in a friendly and hospitable manner, thus reflecting changes in society. When in the 1960's youth culture was established, there was a heavy emphasis against the establishment. Invariably the drug use complemented the musical preferences of the user, which was often drug orientated. For instance drugs such as LSD helped the listener appreciate bands such as Pink Floyd.

With the demise of the hippie came the punk with their glue and heroin. More recently dance has made a comeback with raves and clubs introducing a raft of new feel good drugs such as ecstasy. However the drugs culture of the nineties seems to be no longer a tool of rebellion. The market has responded to a demand, as it has been trained to, and drug culture has become another limb of the service sector. The greater availability and packaging of designer drugs, the media attention, the growth of dance music, the popularity of clubbing and the social factors of taking these designer drugs makes experimenting with drugs irresistible to many young people. This essay is focusing on the drug issue, and whether current British drugs policies are in fact tackling the issue correctly.

An estimated one million pills of ecstasy alone are being swallowed at clubs every weekend, and ecstasy has become above all other drugs synonymous with the young in the 1990's, so much so that drug taking seems to be beginning to join the mainstream. As its subsequent use has been steadily increasing in Britain, music, art and cinema are responding and they too are contributing to a growing acceptance. There are signs of attitudes softening in Britain, the Independent and the Economist have launched a crusade to legalize drugs on the grounds that prohibition is the root cause of about half of all crime, and that present policies simply do not work. Other newspapers too are beginning to realise that they need to adapt their coverage of drugs issues. Following soul searching deaths such as Leah Betts (November, 1995), certain articles recognised the huge amount of normal people who dabbled in illegal substances. They recognised that they had to tread a fine line not to alienate those who disapproved, while understanding the interests of their young readers who were part of the chemical generation.

The other newspapers too are beginning to realise that they need to adapt their coverage of drugs issues, . The Observer already widened to this had increased its sales by 15 per cent when they ran drugs special issues which painted drugs in a positive light. (The Face, April 1997). What you have is a group of young people who are much more liberal in their attitudes to a range of things including drugs. Newspapers that are seen to be in touch with that are much more relevant to them.

In Europe, Holland with their more liberal attitudes are having pressure asserted on them from other European countries to tighten up. Along with the Spanish government the Dutch have submitted a report recommending that ecstasy be reclassified to the same class as cannabis, but neither are likely to be implemented. Attitudes in Germany and Switzerland show that a drug such as Ecstasy is seen as glamorous light rather than sleazy, highlighted by Coca Cola and Philip Morris who sponsored a big rave. Though in Britain such established companies have shied away from such associations, advertisers have nonetheless cashed in on the glamorous image of dance drugs by associating their products with it. For example Rave is a competitor brand of youth market fortified wine. By making explicit linkage with the dance drugs scene, the product is attempting to identify with the youth culture market economy (Measham, 1995).

Customs believe that 50 million ecstasy tablets are taken in Britain every year, of that number most users are under 21 (Express, March 10, 1997). The increased availability of drugs has meant that drug subcultures have become assimilated into and now partly define mainstream youth culture. The draconian approach of the British government in winning the war on drugs by creating effective prohibition, is untenable in a democratic market economy type society. The parallel with the prohibition of alcohol in the US in the twenties and thirties is exact.

Slavery apart, no greater mistake was ever made in Americas social history... If cigarettes were declared illegal, the story would be the same: soaring prices, pushers at street corners, addicts stealing to feed their habit and so on. Commander John Grieve. Chapter Four The media: fuel of the drugs culture...

The tabloids have for the moment forgotten race wars, dole cheats and football thugs; Ecstasy has given them a perfect pitch for a new crusade against societies ills, and the heart rending tales of teenage tragedy it generates will always boost circulation on a slow news day... Alex B ellos, The Face, April 1997 It is important to stress the importance of the media in drugs and youth cultures. Discourse is stimulated by the tabloid media and at other times by professional opinion makers. Senior Police officers, supported by the headline writers, for instance, helped create the image of the lager louts in the late 1980's. In which the public were made aware of the young men who were tearing apart previously tranquil English shire towns (APCO 1988, Tuck 1989). These towns and their tidy, orderly style have in fact survived.

Since the 1970's and the appointment of Larry Lamb as editor of Rupert Murdoch's then newly acquired Sun newspaper, a new era began in journalism. Lamb realised the age of the newspapers was coming to an end, because people were getting up to the minute news from television, the tabloid thus evolved into a paper that would entertain as much as it would inform. During the eighties competition intensified on Fleet street and tabloids responded by massive efforts to attract a young readership, which inevitably would secure a prosperous future. In this new climate the tabloids began to afford pop culture the same prominence as news and politics.

When in the mid 1980's the first stories concerning ecstasy appeared, tabloid editors were quick to condemn it. However taking into account their shift in emphasis to the young and pop culture an inevitable clash was about to occur. The youth culture which they were promoting openly championed illegal drugs, while senior members of the pop hierarchy, deified because they sold papers were refusing to toe the establishment line. The media began the 1990's with a heavy emphasis on two types of drugs stories: crack cocaine and ecstasy. Ecstasy was headlined both because of the rave scene and the image of young people high as kites, dancing the night away as well as because of the occasional drug related death.

Almost every one of approximately 60 ecstasy related deaths in the UK between 1989-1996 have been reported extensively. During this period and a context analysis of newspaper drug stories would suggest that a matrix is operating linking the young with drugs and danger. The danger can be about death, addiction, mental illness or crime. Indeed it is argued that it is the media itself that is the fuel that carries the drugs phenomenon and some agencies have argued that it has preceded the growing availability. When analysing the media event surrounding the death of Leah Betts in November 1995, one can unequivocally observe the mechanics of the tabloid machine.

She was young (good photo) and the daughter of an ex-policeman (poignant), the story broke on Sunday (the day nothing else happens) and the parents then chose to release a picture of her on a life support machine (even better photo). Whilst in a coma the story gained momentum and grew into a national crisis. With this formula in mind journalists can move freely from one potential drug story to the next checking for these essentials to create headlines such as: Drug use lays waste a generation (Independent on Sunday, 8 May 1994) Agony of ecstasy hits Scotland's Raves (Sunday Telegraph, 18 September 1994) These often inaccurate depiction's of young people as drug takers peddling danger have become almost daily occurrences because they feed on so many angles and newsworthy connections. Headlines can be created by official triggers such as drug seizures, or by the publication of drugs statistics. Similarly, very recently we have seen the media having a field day over the comments offered by Brian Harvey of the band E 17 who argued that Ecstasy made us better people and was consequently publicly crucified and dismissed from the group. Likewise Noel Gallagher of the band Oasis spotting the media opportunity argued that, to the young taking drugs is like having a cup of tea...

The media responded with sensational stories and the Prime minister publicly condemned the comments implying that such behaviour was only entertained by the wayward few, instead of taking these revealing comments concerning youth culture and drug use for what they are, an insight into the modern drug phenomenon. Shamed Harvey is now one-man banned (Daily Record, 17 January 1997) E's right out of order (Daily Record, 17 January 1997) Chapter Five Official Government attitutudes towards Drugs misuse Beyond the physical pain and misery are the social costs - the destruction of a persons ability to cope with ordinary life, the destruction of his or her relationships, the destruction of ordinary decent families who cannot understand what is happening when one of their members become addicted, the destruction of whole communities and neighbourhoods as the drug peddlers spread evil amongst them. Michael Howard QC MP The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, is intended to prevent the non-medical use of certain drugs. For this reason it controls not just medicinal drugs, but also those drugs with no current medicinal uses. Drugs subject to this act are known as controlled drugs. The law defines a series of offences, including unlawful supply, intent to supply import or export (all these are collectively known as trafficking offences), and unlawful production.

Moreover the Misuse of Drugs act also prohibits unlawful possession. To enforce this law the police have the special power to stop, detain and search people on reasonable suspicion that they are in possession of a controlled drug. Penalties are applied according to firstly the nature of the offence - less for possession; more for trafficking, production; or for allowing premises to be used for producing or supplying drugs. Secondly, sentences differ according to how harmful the drug is thought to be. Class A has the highest penalties (seven years and / or unlimited fine for possession; life and / or fine for production or trafficking). This class includes, less potent opioids, hallucinogens (such as ecstasy, speed and acid), and cocaine.

Class B has lower maximum penalties for possession (five years and / or fine) and includes cannabis, and sedatives. Class C has the lowest penalties (two years and / or fine for possession; five years and / or fine for trafficking) and includes tranquillisers and some less potent stimulants. Any Class B drug prepared for injection counts as Class A. The white paper, Tackling drugs together, in May 1995, highlighted the government's proposals for a comprehensive anti-drugs strategy to tackle drugs issues until 1998. Their approach is to tackle the drugs problem via a three pronged attack, and involves: maintaining a tough approach to the enforcement of drugs law and increasing the safety of communities from drug-related crime; campaigning to reduce demand, targetted at young people; and reducing the health risks caused by drugs. The white paper set out to meet it's objectives by, targeting drugs-related crime as a major police objective; setting drugs strategies devised by enforcement agencies - that is, the police, probation and prison service; Drug Action Teams to tackle local drug-related problems; expanding the Home office Drugs Prevention Initiative to take community prevention to 16 million people. I do think the new Government strategy, which all the agencies are involved in, [and] which looked at educating young people, which looked at diverting people getting involved in drugs in the first instance, with a strong enforcement policy is going to have a much better chance.

Keith Hella well, Chief Constable of West Yorkshire and Chairman of the Association of Chief Police Officers The UK is a supporter of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme. In 1995, it gave 3.4 million to UN projects in Pakistan to eradicate opium pop cultivation, and 2.2 million to drug-related projects in Bolivia, 33 UK Drugs liason Officers are stationed on major trafficking routes throughout the world, gathering intelligence and assisting police and customs. This attempt to eradicate opium crops has been in operation since the 1970's. Though it worked with some former suppliers-Yugoslavia and Turkey for example, it has failed in South West and South East Asia. These areas are often beyond the reach of government thus making the policy unfeasible. In the Golden Triangle of Both East Asia, they are controlled by the tribal warlords or anti government rebels.

In the North West Frontier region of Afghanistan and Pakistan - the so-called Golden Crescent - they are controlled by the drug producers themselves. They have private armies that are better equiped than the national armies. In short these areas are poorly policed, inaccessible, and hostile to government officials and to officials from other countries. Each year more than 36 million passengers arrive from foreign destinations. What are the chances of getting through customs without being searched Perhaps only one in a hundred people are searched in customs. Drugs can arrive by brought through customs by a passenger, motor vehicle, ships, aircraft and by private yachts.

Customs and Excise are always reluctant to estimate success rates. But no law enforcement agency anywhere in the world credibly claims more than a 10 per cent interception rate. If one analyses the the drug laws in Britain, even the police would agree that most drug offences are never discovered. But to help enforce drugs laws the police have very wide powers. They can stop or search people in the street on suspicion, search homes on a warren and remove property, and have used undercover agents.

The laws themselves are very wide and thus often inappropriate so if an individual is caught with a drug where the medical dangers seems slight, the legal dangers remain. As drug normalisation continues to occur sensible policing is essential, and though first time possession offences rarely attract a prison sentence, being arrested, prosecuted and convicted can be enough in themselves to effect the offenders education or career While legal prohibitions may help minimise the number of people who take prohibited drugs, the same laws can increase certain risks for those who do take them. Risks associated with adulteration, uncertain purity, poor hygiene, high costs, inadequate or misleading information, possible added delay in seeking medical or social assistance, all these are closely related to the illegality of certain drug taking behaviours. Chapter Six A New Agenda As previously mentioned the sheer number of young people of both sexes and from all social backgrounds that are likely to be in possession of drugs means the policing of drugs consumption, including low level supplying is clearly in need of a radical rethink. The inconsistency of low level enforcement strategies as each police force has its own approach, means that the current approach is clearly not in the interest of justice or of justice being seen to be done.

While many, if not most police offers would apparently welcome a national diversionary approach for the possession of drugs, government policy is pushing in the opposite direction. The recent one caution only guidance (Circular HOC/18/1994) is an example of a political whim undermining sensible and sensitive local policing. The increasing availability of Class B drugs alongside the new wave of Class A drugs, notably LSD and ecstasy, on the recreational drug scene will in turn lead to more prosecutions and convictions of otherwise mostly law abiding citizens. This will do little for this generation's respect regarding the authority of the law.

It may also trigger major upsets and divisions in families were elders are shocked and outraged that their children or grandchildren have become criminals. Another policy area that needs attention is the role of schools in both policing and drug education. The exclusion and expulsion of secondary schoolchildren is rising dramatically (Imich, 1995). There are signs that schools have been behaving idiosyncratically in the absence of clear guidance. Official responses to smoking cannabis on school premises mirrors the confusion of society as a whole and thus responses range from permanent expulsion plus a police enquiry to, at the other extreme, no more than a letter home and a reprimand. Because of the large numbers of school age drug users, there is little doubt that selling, exchanging, giving and sharing drugs will take place on school premises.

The Lifeline agency that provides information and councelling for individuals and families quote in their annual report for 1994/1995 that, During the financial year 1994/5 Lifeline received a total of 1,932 new referrals to its advice and councelling service. This is more than double than the number of recorded referrals for the previous 12 months. 77% of enquiries concerned young people under the age of 26, and 45% concerned young people under 21. It is clear that the government's message to the young of, Just say no has obviously not succeeded. Young people are aware of drug use and they can also see the vast majority of people who use drugs coming to no harm. Reports of use by hearsay or friends may well report relaxation, diversion or temporarily improved social, intellectual or physical performances that can be afforded by some drugs.

Therefore drug education to young people needs to be delivered in such a way as to be honest and realistic. Drug users need more information about the law, about the effects of different drugs, about health and safety and about how drug pathways develop. For instance, early heavy drinking and smoking and experimenting with several drugs predict a drug user profile (Plant & Plant 1992). People need to be equipped with a basic understanding of how drug careers develop and how they can assess themselves in the same way smokers and drinkers can gauge their behaviour. If young drug triers and drug users can begin to make self assessments about stigma, risk, health and dependency projects they can make informed decisions, including to seek impartial, confidential help and advice voluntarily.

It is clear that law enforcement alone is unlikely to be the answer to the drugs phenomenon. We need to find the right balance between public expenditure on education, prevention and treatment - not just on enforcement. Though new education initiatives (HMSO 1995) and drugs advice agencies such as Lifeline and Club 2000 are welcome, these measures still look small by comparison with expenditure on enforcement. Drugs are readily available and will continue to be so, millions of people in Britain have tried Cannabis, and other illicit drugs once with only sub-cultural or minority appeal, are being used by a much higher proportion of the young. Their motives appear to be less concerned with peer group status and more with rational consumption as part of young people's approach to their leisure time. This suggests that the prevalence of drug use will be sustained and normalised towards the year 2000.