Kennedy's Death And Presidents example essay topic

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, born in 1917, was the youngest man ever elected President, and he was the youngest ever to die in office. He was shot to death on Nov. 22, 1963, after two years and 10 months as chief executive. The world mourned Kennedy's death, and presidents, premiers, and members of royalty walked behind the casket at his funeral. Kennedy was succeeded as President by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Kennedy won the presidency with his "New Frontier" program, after a series of television debates with his opponent, the then Republican Vice President Richard M. Nixon. At 43, Kennedy was the youngest man ever elected President.

Theodore Roosevelt was 42 when he became President upon the death of William McKinley, and was not elected President until he was 46. Kennedy, a Democrat from Massachusetts, was the first President of the Roman Catholic faith. He also was the first President born in the 1900's. In his inaugural address, President Kennedy declared that "a new generation of Americans" had taken over leadership of the country.

He said Americans would. ".. pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty". He told Americans: "Ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do for your country". We must once again ask ourselves this question as we further investigate whether there truly was a conspiracy involved in his untimely death 1. The Warren Commission thought they had an open and shut case, and attested that there were three bullets and one assassin. 2 But two unpredictable things happened that day that made it virtually impossible; one, the 8 mm home movie taken by Abraham Zapruder while standing near the grassy nole and two, the third wounded man, James Tague, who was nicked by a fragment while standing near the triple underpass.

The time frame 5.6 seconds, established by the Zapruder film, left no possibility of a fourth shot. So the shot or fragment that left a superficial wound on Tague's cheek had to come from one of the three bullets fired from the 6th floor of the depository. That leaves just two bullets. And we know one was the fatal head shot that killed Kennedy. So now a single bullet remains. In this enigma, a single bullet now has to account for the remaining seven wounds found in Kennedy and Connally.

Rather than admitting to a conspiracy, the warren commission accepted this theory, which has come to be known as the magic bullet theory 3. Josiah Thompson, author of Six Seconds In Dallas, takes a vastly different point of view on the shooting. However, he does demolish the "steam pipe" explanation that lone assassin theorists had suggested that witnesses saw smoke from a shot on the knoll had actually only seen puffs of steam from a nearby pipe. 4 Gerald Posner however supports this theory in his book Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, when he asserts that the smoke was really escaping steam from a steam line in the vicinity. 5 I find this theory to be preposterous considering at the time Holland and the other railroad workers saw the smoke, they were standing not a foot from the steam line in question. This line parallels the railroad tracks and at no time is anywhere near the corner of the stockade fence, which I am inclined to take Thompson's word for.

Unfortunately, Thompson begins to disillusion me with his identification of the number of bullets. He suggested that Kennedy's anterior throat wound was a product of the head shot (51-55). A fragment of bullet or bone veered downward, severing Kennedy's left cerebral peduncle in the process and exiting the front of his throat. Since the Zapruder film showed Kennedy raising his hands to his throat well before frame 313, Thompson's view is hard to believe. Since those descriptions do not accurately characterize what we see on the Zapruder film, one is left to wonder what film Thompson saw. Appeals to the absence of science in these matters do little to strengthen the argument.

6 In the Warren Commission's version of the crime, two of the alleged killer's bullets had to do double duty. One shot, the Magic Bullet, had to wound Kennedy and Connally. Another either had to hit the oak tree in front of the Depository and then wound James Tague, or it had to strike Kennedy's skull and then wound James Tague. The Commission never put the matter quite so concisely, but those were the only possibilities if the single assassin theory was true. 7 Thompson suggested that the wounding of James Tague was a consequence of the head shot (231). In Case Closed, twenty-six years later, Gerald Posner chose the tree, the head shot being too unlikely a source (Posner, 325-326).

8 As far as I'm concerned, both sources are too incredible and unlikely. But if Bullet 399 was not Magic, it had to do amazing things anyway. It had to strike Kennedy in the limousine and be found near someone else's stretcher by the emergency level elevator entrance. The Warren Commission's story was that the bullet must have been found on or by Governor Connally's stretcher, a position utterly defeated by the evidence.

Thompson theorized that Bullet 399 was the bullet which caused the shallow wound in Kennedy's back. The bullet worked its way back out during efforts to resuscitate the President. Now how exactly did it get from Kennedy's stretcher to the emergency level elevators where it was found? "To answer this question we must appeal to an old, traditionally American institution, souvenir hunting". Perhaps someone "momentarily snatched it as a souvenir, only to recognize its importance and quickly secrete it on a stretcher" where it could be found later with "no questions asked" (168-169). Either Thompson is a comedian, or is suffering from an acute disorder of naivete.

Although, Thompson approached the issue of why Bullet 399 wasn't found on Kennedy's stretcher by contriving a possible link between Kennedy's stretcher and the stretcher for a different patient altogether, a two-year-old boy named Ronald Fuller who had fallen and cut his jaw. And if that was what had occurred, then Bullet 399 I suppose could conceivably be genuine. In Thompson's presentation, a single bullet didn't have to account for wounds in Kennedy and Connally and emerge unscathed; it only had to penetrate a couple of inches into Kennedy's back. Why did a jacketed bullet traveling at 2000 feet per second fail to go completely through the President's body? Because, according to Thompson, it was a dud; because the ammunition was old and unreliable.

Evidently, the sniper in the Depository brought three live rounds and one spent shell. By coincidence, his first round was a "short charge", thus explaining the firecracker noise reported by witnesses. Did the firecrackers sound as if they had exploded well above street level? Thompson didn't elaborate (167-168). Bullet 399 struck no bones and barely entered its target; that was why it was recovered in excellent condition. Someone found the bullet at Parkland Hospital and kept it briefly, only to change his mind and abandon it, presumably shamed or frightened by his actions.

The assassin's second round worked better. It struck Kennedy's skull and then must have wounded Tague. Thus according to Thompson, the Depository assassin fired two shots, the maximum permitted by Thompson's assessment of the shell evidence and the minimum demanded in the case against Lee Oswald. If one watches the Zapruder film carefully he or she can easily note that the fatal head shot to Kennedy was delivered after the vehicle had passed the book depository where Oswald allegedly shot him. The depository on the left side of the road would thereby station the depository to the southwest direction of the vehicle. Therefore if Kennedy was shot from the behind left, the bullet would logically have to enter the back of head and thrust his head forward and to the right.

But that's not exactly the direction his head moved, and as a matter of fact it is the complete opposite direction. The bullet, upon impact, blowing off the front right side of Kennedy's face, forced the head back and to the left, the exact direction where this alleged bullet came from. This critical observation by countless witnesses would insinuate that this head shot came from the northeast direction. To the northeast direction situates the grassy nole, where every witness claims they heard gun shots fired.

9 Once again, Thompson manages to loose his since of reality and, with his logic, takes a quite dissenting viewpoint. Thompson implied that the FBI might have made mistakes in interpreting the film because they had a copy of a Secret Service copy of the film. When Thompson saw color enlargements of the film, "the full impact of the Commission's oversight was brought home" to him (8-9). Presumably, the Secret Service must not have looked at their copy too carefully, or they might have seen the President's head thrown back and alerted the FBI.

More to the point, Thompson went to considerable lengths to measure the movements of the President's head and the implied accelerations. Thompson reasoned that Kennedy's skull was hit by two shots (111). While it might have been barely plausible that the FBI did not recognize important details of the film, the same cannot be said of Life magazine, which held the original. Why didn't Life score the journalistic coup of the century and publish its proof of conspiracy and high-level cover-up? In 1967, who had seen the Zapruder film?

A tiny number of people might have gone to the library and examined the poor reproductions of the film in Commission volume XV. A tiny number of people might have learned of the film from the Garrison investigation in New Orleans. Dan Rather, having seen the film once at normal speed, certainly reached a far wider audience when he described it on CBS radio and television, an account which was surrealistically inaccurate. If not from Dan Rather, Life magazine, or Josiah Thompson, how were people to know what the film revealed Thompson enjoyed, at least initially, the assistance of Life, which granted him access to the Zapruder film but then denied him use of stills from the film, forcing Thompson to illustrate his text with black-and-white charcoal sketches. In the last chapter, "Answered and Unanswered Questions", Thompson was able to resolve the "needless controversy" over frames missing from the film, citing Life Managing Editor George Hunt on the fate of frames 207-212.

Hunt's statement, however, did not explain when or how frames from the original were lost, merely that intact copies of the film remained. One of those frames, 210, was printed in the Warren Report (217-218). It was also printed without the inter sprocket area, although that is a matter of more recent interest. Hunt's explanation explained nothing. 10 No one saw Oswald shoot the President. The high-powered Italian rifle said to have killed the President was traced to Oswald through a Chicago mail-order firm.

Oswald worked in the Texas School Book Depository, the building from which the fatal shots were fired. A worker recalled seeing Oswald carry a long narrow package into the building the morning of the assassination. Police captured Oswald, who was armed with a revolver, in a Dallas motion picture theater about 90 minutes after the assassination. Oswald was also charged with killing police officer J.D. Tippit. Tippit was shot to death in Dallas shortly after the President was killed.

But Oswald denied killing either Tippit or the President. A presidential commission headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren investigated the case. After a 10-month investigation, the commission reported in September 1964, that Oswald, acting alone, had killed Kennedy and Tippit. However, a congressional committee later reexamined the evidence and concluded that Kennedy "was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy". Two days later, while millions of television viewers looked on, Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby 11. Thompson as always has his own views about the events that quickly followed the assassination.

Thompson discounted the notion that Deputy Roger Craig saw Oswald getting into a station wagon after the shooting, relying on the account of taxi driver William Whaley to prove that Oswald was already away from Dealey Plaza. Thompson did not point out the various errors in Whaley's testimony which the Report admitted, or any of the errors it didn't. For example, Whaley said Oswald was wearing a jacket, although the jacket Oswald supposedly wore that day was found in the Depository after Oswald's death. Whoever got in that taxi supposedly got on a bus first.

The bus witnesses, in my opinion, ruled out Oswald as the someone in question; yet I have rarely if ever seen things as the Commission did. In any event, Thompson's acceptance of the bus-taxi get-away story, and all the contradictions it contained, was connected to another issue. To explain the testimony of James Worrell and Richard Carr, who saw men leaving the scene, Thompson proposed a possible route for the vehicle reportedly used, a station wagon. The route brought the car back to Elm Street, traveling west in front of the Depository, which accorded well with Craig's testimony.

Had Thompson not overturned Craig on other grounds, Thompson might have perceived a connection between Oswald and that car. 12 It could be that Thompson's research was uneven or inadequate or rushed. Maybe he just put too much faith in the good faith of the authorities. Some of his work was sound, his description of the shell markings, for instance. But his account otherwise self-destructed. His explanation for Bullet 399 was an absurd speculation as improbable as the magic bullet theory.

In his introductory remarks, Thompson provided a brief history of books on the assassination. The first generation of critics "advanced frantic and irresponsible hypotheses", while the second generation went through "labored point-by-point refutations of the Report" (ix). Thompson saw himself in the next echelon, attempting to: "synthesize the evidence (new and old) and point the way to an emerging conclusion... Up to now critics of the Report have gotten by with simply discovering the errors of the Commission and displaying them. It is the responsibility of future works... to begin drawing all the evidence together and to attempt to make sense of it". [ix-x, italics in the original.] With such an ego, he believed that critics had "gotten by" somehow, as if they had met the minimum standard. It was responsibility of the critics to make sense of the evidence.

With respect to the Zapruder film, the "full impact of the Commission's oversight" had been made clear to Thompson; yet he concluded Six Seconds in Dallas by writing: "What does this collection of new evidence prove? It does not prove that the assassination was a conspiracy... [n] or does it prove Oswald's innocence. What it does suggest is that there are threads in this case that should have been unraveled long ago instead of being swept under the Archives rug. It also shows that the question of Oswald's guilt must remain -- - nearly four years after the event -- - still unanswered (246).

Jean Hill, the "woman in red" made famous by her appearance in a bright red coat the Zapruder film and Oliver Stone's "JFK", died on Nov. 7, 2000 after being rushed to the hospital from her home. A mother and school teacher at the time of the JFK assassination, Hill had been in poor health during her last few years. Hill was only a few feet from the presidential limousine and was one of the closest witnesses to the assassination of President Kennedy and the wounding of Governor Connally. She heard the shots and saw the President react. In her autobiography, Jean Hill: The Last Dissenting Witness, she wrote, "Then the president looked up and just about that time he grabbed himself across the chest He fell toward Jackie across the seat. Jackie said, 'My God, they " ve shot him,' and she fell across him".

13 Contrary to the official version of events, Hill claimed to hear four to six shots and she also alleged she saw a man running up the hill across from where she stood. That area is now referred to as the grassy knoll. Thinking this man could be the shooter, she ran across the street and joined others searching behind the wooden fence. After the assassination Hill was interviewed by both print and television media at times with embarrassing results. Her statement of seeing "a little white dog" in the rear seat with the President and Mrs. Kennedy was actually her attempt to explain something she caught just a glimpse of.

Because there was no dog in the car later newsmen and assassination researchers would ridicule her account. However, it was learned, more than twenty-five years later, that a small white stuffed animal was on the back seat. A child had presented Jackie Kennedy with a stuffed animal similar to Shari Lewis' Lamb Chop. 14 To another reporter she gave her home address on national television not realizing it would be broadcast around the world. After refusing to travel to Washington to testify for the Warren Commission, Hill finally agreed to be interviewed in Dallas then withdrew for many years.

She seldom agreed to speak of her experiences. In fact, not until 1990 when author Jim Marrs contacted her did she agree to meet with him and director Oliver Stone and relate her story. Stone went on to use Hill as one of the main characters in his film and along with the film's leading man, Kevin Costner, became a fan of Hill's charming but feisty personality. Always dressed in red, in her last few years Hill would speak at student gatherings and attend JFK assassination events. Fearlessly, Hill would tell each interviewer, "All I know is I heard more than three shots and at least one of them came from behind the fence at the top of the knoll". 15 On Sunday, November 24, two days after the assassination, Oswald was scheduled to be taken from the Dallas city jail to the county jail.

As he was being led to an armored car for the trip, a Dallas nightclub owner, Jack Ruby, stepped out of the crowd of numerous officials and shot Oswald to death. For the first time in history a nationwide television audience witnessed a shooting. Oswald was taken to the same hospital where the President passed away. He died 48 hours after the President's death.

A Dallas jury convicted Ruby of Oswald's murder in 1964. The conviction was reversed in 1966 on the grounds that the trial judge had allowed illegal testimony. A new trial was ordered, but Ruby died in 1967 before the new trial started. These investigations / trials were ordered none other than by Lyndon Banes Johnson. 16 Lyndon Johnson, like three other Vice Presidents in United States history, became chief executive upon the assassination of the President.

He became President on Nov. 22, 1963, following the fatal shooting of President John F. Kennedy in a street in Dallas, Tex. There were many controversies following JFK's assassination about Johnsons' actions. First of all, the vehicle in which Kennedy drove in during the fatal shooting was ordered to be cleaned and repaired the day after the Kennedy assassination. These orders were carried out without any evidence taken or investigation done on the vehicle. This is a crucial factor because if a proper investigation was done, trigonometry could of been utilized to figure out in which direction the bullets really came. Another controversial decision Johnson also made the same day was his signing of documents that reinstated us back into the Vietnam War.

This completely reversed Kennedy's policy concerning this war. These documents are referred to as National Security Memo 273.17 On the day of the assassination of the president several unusual things took place. That day the 112th military intelligence group was told to stand down. This is significant because it is standard operating procedure to supply the secret service. Even if they allowed the bubble top to be left down, which they did, at least 100 to 200 agents would have been stationed along the sidewalks without question. The secret service under normal circumstances would have arrived days before, checked the area, and studied the buildings.

They would of never allowed those wide open empty windows and there would have been snipers covering the area. The minute a window went up, they would have been on the radio. They would have been watching the crowd, packages, curled up newspapers; never would of allowed a man to open an umbrella along the way, much less let the president's vehicle slow down to 10 miles an hour and take that unusual turn at Houston and Elm. There would have been a military presence felt that day. It was a violation of the most basic protection codes for a president.

18 Ferrie, a former airline pilot, is mentioned as having definite links to the Mafia and possible links to the CIA. In the JFK plot, Ferrie is believed to have organized the initial idea and plan to kill Kennedy and also that one man needs to be sacrificed for it too work. He is supposed to have worked on this plan with Lee Harvey Oswald and Clay Shaw. In 1966 he became part of the Jim Garrison inquiry which lead to the arrest of Clay Shaw.

Garrison discovered that, like Jack Ruby, Oswald's assassin, Ferrie had received large sums of money in the three weeks before the assassination of the President. Garrison planned to arrest Ferrie but on 22 February 1967, Ferrie was found dead. He had left two suicide notes both of them where typed. That and the rather untimely death of Ferrie lead many to believe another conspiracy, even though the inquest in his death declared, "Natural Causes". Within eight hours of his death, an associate of Ferrie's El adio del Valle was found dead in Miami. He had been shot at point blank range in the heart and his head had been split open.

However, del Valle did have Mafia connections himself and it is unsure whether his death came from the Kennedy assassination or from del Valle crossing the Mob. 19 On May 6, 1992, "Now It Can Be Told" aired a program with the intriguing title "The Curse of JFK". During that show Geraldo Rivera and his staff of reporters discussed the death of Lee Bowers Jr. Bowers died August 9, 1966 about four hours after the car he was driving drifted off a north Texas road and struck a concrete abutment. At the time of the Kennedy assassination Bowers worked in a railroad switch tower behind Dealey Plaza. As tower operator he had an unobstructed view of the area in back of the picket fence.

The House Select Committee identified that location as the probable position of a second gunman. The Warren Commission felt Bowers' observations were important enough to testify him. Over the years investigators have related conflicting accounts of how Bowers died. Some individuals claim the auto accident was a murder. The account usually follows the line that someone killed Bowers because he saw too much, never told The Warren Commission all he knew, and could have identified participants in the assassination. 20 Among the many candidates for the "mystery death" list first popularized by Penn Jones in 1967 is Dorothy Kilgallen on November 8, 1965.

The well-known gossip columnist for the New York Journal-American, and regular panelist on the popular CBS game show "What's My Line?" had died in her sleep of an apparent overdose of drugs just hours after she had appeared on the regular Sunday night broadcast of "Line". Because Kilgallen had long made a career of covering famous criminal trials, and because she had attended the trial of Jack Ruby and was conducting her own skeptical investigation of the JFK assassination, rumors were immediately spread by conspiracy authors Jones and Mark Lane that her death was somehow connected to the assassination. That she had allegedly been preparing a major scoop that would blow the lid off the Warren Report, and was therefore "silenced" by the forces behind the conspiracy. Her biographer Lee Israel repeated these charges virtually unchallenged in her 1979 book Kilgallen, and even used the supposed assassination connection as the book's primary selling point.

Although not all conspiracy authors have bought into the Kilgallen story, there has not been an adequate rebuttal to it from Warren Commission defenders. 21 Gerald Posner, in his dissection of the "mystery deaths" in Case Closed, is much too dismissive in his treatment of Kilgallen. He does note that an off-told story about Kilgallen's JFK investigation, that she had a "private interview" with Jack Ruby during his trial, is not supported by Hugh Aynesworth who also covered the trial, and who recalled her "interview" as being no more than several minutes during a recess while surrounded by other reporters. Beyond that, he offers nothing else that would satisfy those who's impressions of Kilgallen were formed by the Israel biography. 22 One of the most enduring accounts among conspiracy theorists has been that of a drug addict and prostitute sometimes known as Rose Cheramie. Ms Cheramie allegedly had foreknowledge of an assassination attempt against Kennedy in Dallas and told people of the impending event while she lay hospitalized after being run over at a Louisiana tavern.

Gerald Posner sets out to disprove the Rose Cheramie story. In his effort to do this, he succeeds, not in discrediting the story, but in revealing his own biased approach to the issue. In this case, Posner fails to relate information of which he clearly had knowledge, but which, if honestly reported, would have supported the Rose Cheramie allegations, instead of disproving them. As analysis of his book continues, this research method is becoming increasingly recognizable as Posner's hallmark. Rose Cheramie was apparently struck by a vehicle while at a tavern near Eunice, Louisiana, on November 20, 1963. She was carried to a private hospital nearby and then to State Hospital in Jackson, Louisiana.

On the way, she allegedly told the highway patrolman who transported her that she was going to Dallas to get some money and kill Kennedy. Cheramie seemed to have minor physical injuries, but suffered from heroin withdrawal and perhaps other medicines given to her. In Jackson, she allegedly told the same story to a doctor, adding that she had worked for Jack Ruby, that the underworld was going to kill Kennedy, and that the two men with whom she was traveling were going to do the hit, and then, with her, pick up drugs coming to Houston by ship. After the assassination, the highway patrolman had her held in Jackson, questioned her further and contacted Dallas police, who were not interested in the matter.

Cheramie had had mental problems and serious addictions and was clearly an unstable sort, one who had provided false information to government agencies before. The matter was dropped. 23 Of the historians who oppose the mass conspiracy and support the Warren Commission is Gerald Posner. Gerald Posner argues that the Warren Commission properly investigated the assassination of JFK. He claims to have refuted the critics, purports to show what actually occurred, and asserts simple factual answers to explain complex problems that have plagued the subject for years. In the process he condemns all who do not agree with the official conclusions as theories driven by conjectures.

At the same time his book is so theory driven, so rife with speculation, and so frequently unable to conform his text with the factual content in his sources that it stands as one of the stellar instances of irresponsible publishing on the subject. Massive numbers of factual errors suffuse the book, which make it a veritable minefield. Random samples are the following: Pontchartrain is a lake not a river. The wounded James Tague stood twenty feet east, not under the triple underpass. There were three Philip Gerais, not one; he confuses the second and the third.

A tiny fragment, not a bullet, entered Connally's thigh. The Army did the testing that he refers to the FBI. None, not three, commissioners heard at least half the hearings. The Warren Commission did not have any investigators. Captain Donovan is John, not Charles, and a lieutenant. The critics of the official findings are not leftists but include conservatives such as Cardinal Cushing, William Loeb, and former commissioner, Richard Russell.

Posner often presents the opposite of what the evidence says. In the presentation of a corrupt picture of Oswald's background, for example, he states that, under the name of Osborne, Oswald picked up leaflets he distributed from the Jones Printing Company and that the "receptionist" identified him. She in fact said that Oswald did not pick up the leaflets as the source that Posner cites indicates. 24 No credible evidence connects Oswald to the murder. All the data that Posner presents to do so is either shorn of context, corrupted, the opposite of what the sources actually say, or non sourced.

For example, 100 percent of the witness testimony and physical evidence exclude Oswald from carrying the rifle to work that day disguised as curtain rods. Posner manipulates with words to concoct a case against Oswald as with Lonnie Mae Randle, who swore the package, as Oswald allegedly carried it, was twenty-eight inches long, far too short to have carried a rifle. He grasped its end, and it hung from his swinging arm to almost touch the ground. Posner converts this to "tucked under his armpit, and the other end did not quite touch the ground" (225). The rifle was heavily oiled, but the paper sack discovered on the sixth floor had not a trace of oil.

Posner excludes this vital fact. To refute criticism that the first of three shots (the magic bullet) inflicted seven nonfatal wounds on two bodies in impossible physical and time constraints, he invents a second magic bullet. He asserts that Oswald fired the first bullet near frame 160 of the Zapruder film, fifty frames earlier than officially held, and missed. The bullet hit a twig or a branch or a tree, as he varies it, then separated into its copper sheath and lead composite core. The core did a right angle to fly west more than 200 feet to hit a curbstone and wound Tague while the sheath decided to disappear. The curb in fact had been damaged.

He omits that analysis of the curb showed the bullet came from the west, which means the bullet would have had to have taken another turn of 135 degrees to get back west with sufficient force to smash concrete, which he pretends was not marred. He asserts proof of a core hit because FBI analysis revealed "traces of [sic per reviewer] lead with a trace of antimony" (325) in the damage. What he omits destroys his theory. He does not explain that a bullet core has several other metallic elements in its composition, not two, rendering his conclusion false.

He further neglects to inform the reader that by May 1964 the damage had been covertly patched with a concrete paste and that in August, not July, 1964, the FBI tested the scrapings of the paste, not the damage, which gave the two metal results. 25 -- Hitler always said "The bigger the lie, the more people will believe it". To this date Jim Garrison has brought the only public prosecution in the Kennedy killing. A Congressional Investigation from 1976-1979 found a "probable conspiracy" in the assassination of John F. Kennedy and recommended the Justice Department investigate further.

To this date, the Justice Department has done nothing. The files of the House Select Committee on Assassinations stay locked away in the National Archives until 2029. Chomsky, Noam. Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and US Political Culture. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press, 1993. Fetzer, James H. Murder in Dealey Plaza: What We Know Now that We Didn't Know Then about the Death of JFK.

Chicago, Illinois: Cat feet Press, 2000. Fetzer, James H. Assassination Science. Chicago, Illinois: Prentice-Hall, INC, 1998. "Kennedy, John F" World Book Macintosh Edition. CD-ROM. Version 1.0.

Printed in USA: World Book Inc., 1998. Lane, Mark. Rush to Judgement. New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1966. May, Ernest R., Philip D. Zelikow. THE KENNEDY TAPES: Inside The White House During The Cuban Missile Crisis.

Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997. Newman, John M. Deception, Intrigue, And The Struggle For Power: JFK AND VIETNAM. New York, New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1992. Posner, Gerald.

Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK. New York: Random House, 1993. Sachar, Luis. The Warren Report. Boston, Massachusetts: Cinema Books, 1964. Sloan, Bill.

JFK The Last Dissenting Witness. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, Inc., 1992. The Men Who Killed Kennedy. Documentary Series. The Zapruder Film. Footage of Assassination.

Thompson, Josiah. Six Seconds in Dallas. San Diego, California: Berkley Pub Group, 1976..