Lintel Stones B example essay topic

Stonehenge Thesis: Stonehenge was built by the Early Britons. With the evidence at hand, the Early Britons even though they have few writings and less proof of mathematical ingenuity seem to have built Stonehenge. Introduction I. Who A. Legends of Who Built Stonehenge 1. Devil 1 a. Heel Stone i. Thrown at fleeing priest ii.

Has indent today b. Woman in Ireland 2. Merlin a. King Ambrosius 2 b. "Dance of Giants"3 c. Merlin = (?) Myrddin 4 B. Early Britons 5 1.

Dismissed by Inigo Jones a. No knowledge of building b. If Romans found any buildings, would have written about it 2. "Ignorant savages" to Jones 3.

Actual possible builders C. Romans 1. Possessed skill and knowledge 6 2. Drawings of Stonehenge and Roman Theater similar a. Equilateral Triangles b.

Units of measure matched c. Matched in proportion and shape if two stones were added 3. Not them 6, 7 a. Too primitive b. No inscriptions D. Druids 1. Not much historically known 2.

Celts fled to England from France to continue way of life 3. Human sacrifice 8 a. Appease Gods b. Tell Future 4. Priests to Early Britons 5.

Also ruled out by Jones 8 a. Did not know mathematics b. Had none of the skills of architecture except philosophy and astronomy 6. Could have worshipped there- NOT build it 9, 10 a.

Stones standing by 1500 BCE b. Before Druids came to Briton E. Random Possibilities 11 1. Stones really crushed held by "marvelous" cement 2. Lost Continent of Atlantis 3. Indians of North America a. Similarities between Indian mounds and platform mounds of Sil bury Hill b.

Stonehenge similar to base of burial mounds in N. America II. Way A. Structure 1. Basic 12 a. 91 stones today b. Around 140 originally 2.4 Elements 13 a. Outermost circle i.

30 columns of Sandstone ii. Topped with 30 or more lintel stones b. Bluestones-Outer i. 5 trilithons (gate like structure) ii.

Horseshoe shape c. Bluestones-Inner i. Smaller than Outer ii. Horseshoe shape d. Bank and Ditch i. Around whole thing ii.

56 white chalk patches (2-6 ft across) outside 3. Aubrey Holes 14 a. Many contained bones i. funeral rites possibly ii. link to Druids b. Believed to be filled in and emptied at certain points of time 4.4 Station Stones 15 a. Standing pillars b. Indicate corners of rectangle c.

May have helped align circle structures 5. Heel Stone 16 a. Weighs 35 tons b. Standing by itself c. Sun rises over every year B. Construction 1. "Primitive tools and techniques were used with remarkable success" 2.

Used 17 a. Deer antler picks b. Ox shoulder shovels c. Flint hammers d. Leather or reed baskets and ropes 3. Digging of Ditches 18, 19 a.

Circle shape i. Sharp stick tied to cord stuck in ground, and scratched soil ii. No evidence, but assumed b. Ditch i. Antler picks hammed into chalk ii.

Chalk carried to bank and dumped. Diggers removed over 3500 cubic yards iv. 100 diggers and 200 carriers could have completed it in 35 days 4. Builders a.

Evidence suggests farmers and traders 20 i. Not primitive and backwards ii. Highly organized. Skilled in many crafts iv. Able to work with sophisticated mathematical concepts b. Archaeologists still not sure who built it.

5. Moving Stones a. Bluestones i. Came from Wales ii. Land 21 - Placed on sleds - Sleds rolled over logs - Long line of logs, last brought to front - Did NOT use wheels did not know about (?) ono evidence of usage. Water 22 - 3 small canoes of wood - Raft lowered 9 in. in experiment - 4 men needed to pole along shallow water iv.

Archaeologists concluded Bluestones moved 250 miles by rolling and rafting b. Sarsen Stones 23 i. Not from Wales ii. 30 tons each, 6 times larger and heaver than Bluestones. Only needed to move 20 miles iv.

Quarry uphill of Stonehenge-17 miles gentle slope vs. Pulled on sleds only in winter- ice, left in spring vi. 25 people could have moved them vii. Chores fewer in winter-more time to moving stones 6. Shaping Stones 24 a. Methods i.

Driving wooden wedges into cracks-pouring water in cracks ii. Chipping - Heat stone - Pour cold water on rock - Hit stone - Man could chip off 6 cubic in. in an hour b. 3 mill cubic inches removed from just Sarsen's c. 500 thousand hours just shaping stone d. Also needed 1000's of hours to chip, grind, and smooth e. Right shape i.

Chipped long shallow groves into stone - 3 in deep, 9 in wide - Ran length of stone ii. Ridges left hammered out f. Not all stones had final shaping and polishing- many left in rough state IV. Stonehenge's Astronomical Connections 25 V. Stonehenge Today 26 A. Government protected monument B. People come every year C. Archaeological digs are under way or startingConclusion

Bibliography

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