Member Of The National Academy Of Sciences example essay topic

Biography of Robert Burns Woodward Robert Burns Woodward was born in Boston on April 10th, 1917, the only child of Margaret and Arthur Woodward, of English antecedents. Robert's father Arthur died in October of 1918, at an early age of only thirty-three years old. Robert Woodward was attracted to chemistry at a very early age, and indulged his taste for the science in private activities throughout the period of his primary and secondary education in the public schools of Quincy, a suburb of Boston. In 1933, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from which they excluded him because of inattention to formal studies at the end of the Fall term in 1934. The Institute authorities generously allowed him to re-enroll in the Fall term of 1935, and he took the degrees of Bachelor of Science in 1936 and Doctor of Philosophy in 1937. Since that time he has been associated with Harvard University, as Postdoctoral Fellow (1937-1938), Member of the Society of Fellows (1938-1940), Instructor in Chemistry (1941-1944), Assistant Professor (1944-1946), Associate Professor (1946-1950), Professor (1950-1953), Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry (1953-1960), and Donner Professor of Science since 1960.

After all of these things that he did, it's no wonder why he was on his way to a Nobel prize in the near future. In 1963 he assumed direction of the Woodward Research Institute at Basel. In 1965 was when he recieved his Nobel prize for his outstanding achievements in organic synthesis. His studies brought knowledge to the world and opened doors for later scientists that were in his field of organic synthesis. He was a member of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1966-1971), and he was a Member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science Robert Woodward has been very fortunate, (which was a little unusual), in the outstanding personal qualities and scientific capabilities of a large proportion of his more than two hundred and fifty collaborators in Cambridge, and latterly in Basel, of whom more than half have assumed academic positions. He has also on numerous occasions enjoyed exceptionally stimulating and fruitful collaboration with fellow-scientists in laboratories other than his own.

His interests in chemistry are wide, but the main arena of his first-hand engagement has been the investigation of natural products, or organic chemistry - a domain he regards as "endlessly fascinating in itself", and one which presents unlimited and unparalleled opportunities for the discovery, testing, development and refinement of general principles. Professor Woodward holds more than twenty honorary degrees of which only a few I listed here: D. Sc. Wesleyan University, 1945; D. Sc. Harvard University, 1957; D. Sc. University of Cambridge (England), 1964; D. Sc. Brandeis University, 1965; D. Sc.

Israel Institute of Technology (Haifa), 1966; D. Sc. University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1968; D. Sc. University de Louvain (Belgium), 1970. Some of the awards presented to him I listed here: John Scott Medal (Franklin Institute and City of Philadelphia), 1945; Back eland Medal (North Jersey Section of the American Chemical Society), 1955; Davy Medal (Royal Society), 1959; Roger Adams Medal (American Chemical Society), 1961; Pius XI Gold Medal (Pontifical Academy of Sciences), 1969; National Medal of Science (United States of America), 1964; Willard Gibbs Medal (Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society), 1967; Lavoisier Medal (Society Chim ique de France), 1968; The Order of the Rising Sun, Second Class (His Majesty the Emperor of Japan), 1970; Han bury Memorial Medal (The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain), 1970; Pierre Brnylants Medal (University de Louvain), 1970. Robert Woodward is a member of the National Academy of Sciences; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Honorary Member of the German Chemical Society; Honorary Fellow of The Chemical Society; Foreign Member of the Royal Society; Honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy; Corresponding Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences; Member of the American Philosophical Society; Honorary Member of the Belgian Chemical Society; Honorary Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences; Honorary Member of the Swiss Chemical Society; Member of the Deutsche Academe der Naturforscher (Leopold ina); Foreign Member of the Academia Nazionale dei Lin cei; Honorary Fellow of the Weizmann Institute of Science; Honorary Member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. Robert Woodward's marriages include Ira Pullman in 1938, who he later divorced, and then married Eudoxia Muller in 1946.

He has three daughters: Siri Anne (b. 1939), Jean Kirsten (b. 1944), and Crystal Elisabeth (b. 1947), and a son, Eric Richard Arthur (b. 1953). Organic Chemistry and the Modern Era Organic chemistry developed extensively in the 19th cent., prompted in part by Friedrich Wohler's synthesis of urea (1828), which disproved the belief that only living organisms could produce organic molecules.

Other important organic chemists include Justus von Liebig, C.A. Wertz, and J.B. Dumas. In 1852 Edward Frankl and introduced the idea of valency (see valence), and in 1858 F.A. Kekule showed that carbon atoms are tetravalent and are linked together in chains. Kekule's ring structure for benzene opened the way to modern theories of organic chemistry. Henri Louis Le Chtelier, J.H. van't Hoff, and Wilhelm Ostwald pioneered the application of thermodynamics to chemistry. Further contributions were the phase rule of J.W. Gibbs, the ionization equilibrium theory of S.A. Arrhenius, and the heat theorem of Walther Nernst. Ernst Fischer's work on the amino acids marks the beginning of molecular biology.

At the end of the 19th cent., the discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson and of radioactivity by A.E. Becquerel revealed the close connection between chemistry and physics. The work of Ernest Rutherford, H.G.J. Moseley, and Niels Bohr on atomic structure (see atom) was applied to molecular structures. G.N. Lewis, Irving Langmuir, and Linus Pauling developed the electronic theory of chemical bonds, directed valency, and molecular orbitals (see molecular orbital theory). Transmutation of the elements, first achieved by Rutherford, has led to the creation of elements not found in nature; in work pioneered by Glenn Seaborg elements heavier than uranium have been produced. With the rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers and materials have been added to the market. A fuller understanding of the relation between the structure of molecules and their properties has allowed chemists to tailor predicatively new materials to meet specific needs.

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