Most Common Causes Of Strokes example essay topic

Cerebral vascular accident or a stroke is the destruction of brain substance, resulting from thrombosis, intracranial hemorrhage, or embolism, which causes vascular insufficiency. In addition, it is an area of the brain denied blood and oxygen that is required and damage is done to a part of the cells. The effect of the patient depends upon where the damage occurs and the severity of the stroke. Each year alone about 150,000 people in America die from a stroke or are seriously disabled. Stroke is among the top five causes of death. It generally happens very suddenly and it can take up to five to seven days to completely effect the patient.

Depending on how many of the brain cells die during the stroke, and where the cells are located in the brain will determine the severity of the outcome. During the stroke, the supply of the blood to the brain has been severed and after four minutes, the brain cells begin to die. Three out of ten victims of stroke within the first month will die and some will die at onset of the stroke and the remaining will recover to some extent. Some patients will recover completely from their strokes and some of these strokes can completely wear off. These are called transient ischaemic attacks and are a warning that a full-blown stroke can happen, unless some action is taken to prevent strokes from reoccurring. Approximately twenty percent of strokes occur while the person is asleep and they do not realize they are having or have had a stroke until they awake.

The reason for this is that the brain itself is incapable of feeling pain. One in three patients having a stroke will lose consciousness while they are having a stroke and a majority of the time these are the most severe cases. One half of these patients become confused and drowsy. It is normal to feel confused in this circumstance and it is hard to differentiate when there is clinical confusion. Medical tests must be done in order to confirm the patient has had a stroke and why they had a stroke, to find out what was the severity of the stroke, and what treatment is required to prevent another stroke.

Within the first year, ten percent of these patients will have another stroke. It is difficult to tell just how serious any stoke is until tests are made and some time has passed. The brain itself in the first few days begins to recover, and the patient may improve rapidly. After this progress starts to slow down, professionals can estimate how much progress the patient will be likely to make. If doctors agree that a stroke has taken place, they may do other tests to determine where the stroke occurred, how large of an area is damaged, and how the blood flow with in the brain has been effected; they do this by taking a CAT scan.

They may also take an ECG to determine if there is any heart disease that may have caused the stroke. In addition, they take tests to see if the patient has high blood pressure or they may test the arteries themselves because this is a major cause of stroke in most people. Catheterization, injecting dye into the arteries, and blood tests are the most common tests done. A high glucose level in the blood may reveal diabetes and high blood fats indicate thickened red blood and arteriosclerosis. There may also be a high level of red blood cells, changing the consistency of the blood. These conditions must be treated to prevent further strokes.

The most common causes of strokes are thrombosis. This is when a clot forms in one of the arteries, mostly in the carotid in the neck and the vertebral artery. The blood is thick and moves very slowly through the artery. The thrombus will form on the damaged area of the artery wall and will cut off the flow of blood to the brain.

The area of the artery that is damaged is cause by arteriosclerosis. This form of stroke occurs mostly while the person is asleep or has just woken up. The second cause of stroke is a referred to as cerebral embolism. It is the same as a thrombus that forms elsewhere in the body, then passes into the carotid artery, and then can go into the cerebral artery and then to the brain causing a stroke. This embolism will most likely form in the heart after a heart attack. Paralysis most often is a result of this type of stroke.

The most lethal form of stroke is called a cerebral hemorrhage and is caused by bleeding in the brain. A weak or brittle artery in the brain will burst and cause a rise in pressure. The damaged artery then forms a clot and will then cut off the flow of oxygenated blood to the area of the brain. These strokes are the most painful of all. Severe head pain is always a sign of this type of stroke. A patient can sometimes go into a coma after having a stroke.

How long a person is in a coma depends on the severity and the location of where the stroke took place. Most vital signs are normal during the stroke. Headache, convulsions, nausea, and vomiting are symptoms that can be present after the patient regains consciousness. The severity of these depends upon the amount of damage caused by the stroke. Paralysis is also a factor in a patient who has had a stroke. If there has been damage to the central nervous system because of the stroke, paralysis is most likely to happen.

There are three types of paralysis than can occur depending where in the central nervous system the damage is done. Hemiplegias is where half of the body has been paralyzed. Paraplegic is a paralysis of the legs and maybe the lower half of the body. Quadriplegic is the paralysis of all four limbs. Some of the other effects of stroke are slurred speech, dysarthria which is a dropping or weak facial muscles. Both of these effects will quickly ear off.

There is also dysphasia, which is a loss of or the ability to understand words. They have an inability to swallow, which is often referred to as dysphagia. The patient can lose his sense of touch, can have a loss of senses, and movements can be jerky, or uncoordinated. Almost all patients are depressed after they have had a stroke. One in four will have severe clinical depression.

Some of these effects can be helped with medication.

Bibliography

Swaffield, Laura. Stroke: the complete guide to recovery and rehabilitation. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1996.
Shirk, Evelyn. After The Stroke. New York: Prometheus Books, 1991.