Napoleon's Russian Campaign Of 1812 example essay topic

Napoleon Bonaparte was seemingly invincible. Under his command, the Grande Armee had conquered much of Europe, and was viewed by others as an austere foe. Though despite all this, Napoleon made a fatal mistake: he entered Russia. Of the 600,000 troops that reached the Russian border, only 100,000 made it out (Moore, Online).

Through the Russian Campaign the seemingly indomitable man of Napoleon began to crumble at the base, and after numerous fatal errors, the foundation fell. Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812 resulted in failure. Napoleon unleashed his armies to Russia in June of 1812. The initial reason for the start of the Russian Campaign was that of desertion (Bloy, Online). This became evident when Czar Alexander I of Russia left the Continental System. While hurting Britain's economy, the Continental System also hurt Russia's.

Soon enough, Napoleon sent over 600,000 troops to Russia, hoping to straighten out the czar (Burnham, Online). The czar seemed not to be worried, and readily commanded two Russian armies to protect their country. The initial attacks against the Russians were relentless, and the two armies were readily overwhelmed. On June 24 the two Russian armies retreated, under the command of General Barclay de Tolly and General Bagration (Moore, Online). The Czar Alexander was cunning, and instead of directly confronting the Grande Armee, he would always retreat. This greatly irritated Napoleon, who pressed on further and further, deep into Russia (Sparknotes, Online).

However, this process of enticement and retreat seemed to be working, as the battle-hungry Napoleon kept on proceeding. Knowing that they could not win a fight by force, the Russians were cunning and traded space for time with the French. By this time, the Russians had developed the "scorched-earth" policy, which was the destruction of one's own land (Burnham, Online). Whenever the Russians would retreat, they would burn all the land behind them. This greatly angered Napoleon, mainly because one of his most formidable strategies in war was using the land of the enemy for his own resources (PBS, Online). Napoleon had gravely underestimated the Russians.

The gravest threat to the Russian forces was a direct, large-scale confrontation with Napoleon's army, but such a colossal battle was surely inevitable. Despite the constant retreating, the Grande Army did engage the Russians in one significant conflict: the Battle of Borodino. The Russians, under the control of General Mikhail Kutusov, assembled massive defensive positions in await for Napoleon's army. The tally of Napoleon's men reached 133,000, where only 120,000 backed the Russians (Moore, Online). The battle began, and the fighting was fierce. By the end of the Battle of Borodino, 44,000 Russian troops were lost, and the death count for Napoleon's army reached 30,000 (Moore, Online).

Knowing they were defeated, the Russians retreated yet again, this time to Moscow, hence drawing out the conflict even more. Borodino proved to be a major turning point, as after the battle, many men on both sides had been lost. After Borodino, the French forthwith made their way to Moscow. The Russians, knowing that another large-scale assault was probably going to transpire, retreated out of Moscow. The Russians were cunning however, and this time laid scorched-earth tactics on their own city, Moscow. General Kutusov was adroit, and ordered his army to burn the city.

Everyone in Moscow evacuated, fleeing elsewhere. Napoleon had finally reached Moscow on September 14, 1812, then ablaze (Sparknotes, Online). Throughout the campaign, disease had become a major issue among Napoleon's army. By the time the army reached Moscow, over 200,000 soldiers had perished from disease alone, far more than whom died from combat had (Moore, Online).

Despite his ailing soldiers, Napoleon waited and waited for a Russian surrender. He refused to leave Moscow, because a formal resignation from Russia would issue Napoleon's success. Napoleon lingered in the torched Moscow for five agonizing weeks, anticipating a surrender that never came. With a grating winter quickly approaching, Napoleon ordered his forces to retreat back to France. Marshal Devout, an adviser to Napoleon, urged him to lead the army back to France along a different, more supplied route (Sparknotes, Online).

Napoleon, a very stubborn man, decided on taking the same route back to France as he took coming into Russia. This path, of course, had virtually no recourses left, all of which had been previously destroyed through the scorched-earth tactics. The weary men left Moscow, but they were already weak and unhealthy before they even departed (Burnham, Online). Throughout the campaign, food was scarce, disease was on a rampage, and now, the weather was getting worse.

Winter in Russia was brutal, temperatures often times reaching below zero (Burnham, Online). Napoleon's army was very far from France, and since winter was just setting in, the entire journey back would be cold and miserable. Lack of discipline was evident, and since soldiers no longer stayed within their ranks, the army became more of a mob than a full fighting force. Throughout the five-week stay in Moscow the soldiers all had poor diets, and food riots became more and more common.

All through the retreat, soldiers would break-in to most of the few storage warehouses, and would try to steal food. This became so vicious, that many times soldiers would inadvertently destroy more food than they would eat. The worst example of this was at Smolensk, where warehouse officials said that the troops would not be issued food unless they were with their units. The soldiers didn't like this new rule, so they rioted and ended up destroying the entire storage warehouse, along with most of the food (Burnham, Online). The lowest instance of the lack of control of the soldiers was the crossing of the Berezina Bridge. Russians attacked the French army, and the French soldiers, weak and malnourished, broke into a panic.

The French were at a loss of action, and in their frenzy, the bridge broke, and roughly 15,000 soldiers were killed (Burnham, Online). Another large contributor to the failed retreat was the weather. When Napoleon first entered Russia, the weather was hot, which dehydrated many men, and posed initial problems for the army. When the retreat began, it was late fall, so the weather was cool, but not yet too cold. As time progressed though, the weather became unbearable (Sparknotes, Online). The Russians were prepared for the cold; they knew what it was like and what to expect.

The French, coming from a milder climate, were not at all prepared for the below-zero temperatures. The cold's initial victims were those who were already weak - weak from walking miles upon miles, contracting disease, and severe malnutrition. The first victims just lost all vim, and lay down in the snow to die. Food was running even lower than before, and soon, many of the strong became weak, and they too, also died (Moore, Online).

Jean-Roch Coign et described the lack of food in the cold: In order to save our lives, we had to eat the horses that fell down on the ice. The soldiers opened the skin with their knives and took out the entrails, which they roasted on the coals - if they had time to make a fire - and, if not, they ate them raw. They devoured the horses before they died. I also ate this food as long as the horses lasted (Moore, Online).

The bodies of the dead were left in the snow to rot, as carrying them back was too much of an effort. Napoleon was assuming that mud holes, rivers, and streams would be frozen, making passage easier, thus letting the army take quicker routes to avoid the bridges. After weeks of marching in the cold, desolate wastes, the weather started to warm up. But to Napoleon's dismay, it warmed up too soon, putting to waste his plans and short cuts.

He then had to take additional paths to the bridges to make it back to France (Moore, Online). Russia, having dramatic temperature swings, took another climatic turn, this time plunging temperatures even lower than before, making the chill almost unendurable. Subdued from fatigue and exposure from the cold, thousands of additional soldiers from Napoleon's army died in their sleep, bringing the death toll even higher. Finally, after months of torment and torture from the brutal Russian cold, Napoleon's army reached Poland (Bloy, Online). Of the 600,000 men he commanded to Russia, only 100,000 made it out. Knowing that the forces of Napoleon were crushed, the Russians moved their own armies into much of central Europe.

Feeling sympathetic for Russia, Austria and Prussia allied themselves with Czar Alexander (PBS, Online). France was losing friends, and Russia was gaining them. Soon, a worldwide hatred had been developed, not necessarily against France, but against Napoleon. During Napoleon's retreat back to France, a French general cast rumors that Napoleon had died in France, thus almost causing a coup d'etat (Sparknotes, Online). By the time Napoleon reached Paris, most of Europe had been lost. In January of 1813, the Duke of Wellington crossed the Pyrenees between France and Spain, and threatened to invade France (Moore, Online).

To address these new issues, Napoleon raised a new army, about 300,000 strong. Matters were not looking too good for Napoleon. Finally, the downfall of Napoleon became so evident, that almost every nation in Europe formed a coalition against France. This was known as the Battle of Leipzig. If not for the failure in Russia, the nations who then opposed Napoleon would have stayed under his control.

Leipzig commenced, leaving Napoleon's newfound army in ruins. After Leipzig, Foreign Minister Talleyrand overcame a tentative government and sought the indemnity of Louis XV (Sparknotes, Online). Napoleon finally surrendered his throne, and gave in to Talleyrand's demands. In April of 1814, Napoleon was formally exiled to Elba with the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

The treaty allotted Napoleon 2 million francs per year, and even permitted him the title of Emperor (Sparknotes, Online). Yet Napoleon was still troubled, and unsuccessfully attempted to poison himself. After the reign of Napoleon, France was restored to its former glory, and the balance of European power was at ease. Napoleon's Russian Campaign was a failed attempt to bring Russia back in line. The dispute with Russia could have easily been solved with diplomacy, yet Napoleon's warmongering got the best of him. Napoleon later wrote a letter to Czar Alexander, apologizing for his misconduct.

After the campaign, Russia flourished, and was looked upon amiably from other nations. The Russian economy thrived, and Europe was back to a balanced state. The only good to come out of the Russian Campaign was the unity of Europe, for when Napoleon was exiled, Europe thrived. Many matters contributed to the failure of the campaign: lack of discipline, poor logistics, disease, and weather. One event caused the downfall of Napoleon: the Russian Campaign. For that, he lost all respect.

In 1812, the decision to wage war with Russia was a poor one.

Bibliography

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History Home. 21 Oct. 2004.
Burnham, Robert. "FAQs: Why did Napoleon Fail in Russia in 1812?" 1995-2004.
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Moore, Richard. "The Russian Campaign". 1999-2003 Napoleon Guide.
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Not Given. "The Russian Campaign and Napoleon's Defeat". 1999-2003.
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Not Given. "The Russian Campaign". 2004.
PBS. 17 Oct. 2004.