O 201 Zama Battle example essay topic

January 23, 2003 Classics 201 Roman History - after battle at Canae, Capua (longtime ally) and Syracuse defeated by Hannibal 'a Macedonia declares war on Rome - Romans controlled up to Swiss Alps - Cumae was first Greeks that Romans had encountered - Messina was part of the first Punic War (264-241) - Romans fighting on a few fronts - Romans used allies in Macedonia i.e. Athens or Corin the to fight against Macedonians - Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctators - avoided direct contact, open battles - sought time and assaults on Hannibal, cut off Hannibal's supplies - After Canae, everyone returned to this way of delaying - Hannibal foraged for the next few years, no supplies because intercepted by Roman army in Spain - Publius and Gna eus Cornelius Scipio - commanders in Spain (brothers) and were killed in battle - Romans gave command of Roman forces in Spain to son of Publius, Publius Cornelius Scipio o Had imperium o Was very young (25) o Found phalanx was too inflexible and made up of centuries o Made principal fighting force of Romans and centuries called Maniple SS March into battle as a phalanx but try to avoid being encircled SS Adopted larger swords from Spaniards called Gladius - Hannibal's control of Syracuse and control of waterway was very important - Recovery of Syracuse by Marcus Claudius Marcellus with very large fleet in 214 recovered the city in 212 'a raised morale of Romans - Archimedes - was within walls of Syracuse providing inventions for protection - Capua was recovered in 211 and destroyed - Tarentum was recaptured by Romans in 209 - Publius Cornelius Scipio brought Spanish allies to Rome - Hasdrubal o Brother of Hannibal o Defeated by Scipio o Looked as if he was retreating and tricked scipio o Defeated again by Romans o Beheaded in 207 - Scipio o Realized war could be a stalemate unless declared war in Hannibal's home country o Opposition by senate o 201 Zama (6 Zama) - battle here between scipio and Hannibal and home help fight against Romans o Carthage surrenders Hannibal but killed in 201 o Received honorary fourth name: Africanus for victory over Africa - Hannibal stayed in politics but sought refuge in Persia (Romans chased him there) - Spain now a Roman Province - Sicily, - Africa not a province by a client state with no foreign policy - Romans declared war on Macedonia in 200 B.C. 'a war of vengeance - Philip was the King of Macedonia and descendant of Alexander the Great's general - Philip lost Balkans to Rome but remained in power after - T. Quinctius Flaminius o Second Macedonian War o Major battle of Cynoscephalae 200-197 o Romans defeated Macedonians even though they originated the phalanx o Declared freedom of Greece who were now allies of Rome - Third battle: Perseus 168 the Battle of P yana - Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeats Macedonians - Perseus is the son of Philip and captured by Romans - Macedonia given some autonomy but now part of Roman empire - Trasimere is where Hannibal had thousands of soldiers - Greece a province called Achaea - M. Porcius Cato o In Roman Senate o Born in Tusculum o No ancestors but became consul and censor o Had fought with Africanus at battle of Zama o Very conservative o Recognized Carthage was still a threat o Concluded all speeches with "Carthage del enda let" = Carthage must be destroyed - Masinissa o In Numidia o Carthage had to beg Romans if they wanted a war o Berber origin o King Masinissa encouraged by Romans to attack Carthage and eventually Carthage attacked Numidia SS Romans attacked Carthage for breach of treaty - 149-146: third Punic war - L. Aemilius Paullus.