O Cognitive And Social Learning Classical Conditioning example essay topic

Learning Thoughts on Learning " Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival". - W. Edwards Deeming " Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten". - B.F. Skinner"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it". - Pablo Picasso What is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types of Learningo Classical conditioning o Operant conditioning o Cognitive and social learning Classical Conditioning: Exampleso Sound of a dentist's drill: sweaty palm so Smell of mom's perfume: smiling Sight of certain restaurant: nausea o Noise of a can opener: cat comes running Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity Classical Conditioningo Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Pavlov's Observations Studied digestion in dogs Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 1 o Food (US): salivation (UR) - Reflexive response o Tone (CS): nothing (CR) Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 2 o CS is repeatedly paired with the US- A tone is sounded before the food is presented Pavlov's Experiment: Phase 3 o Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR- Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Responseo Avoidance learning Conditioned phobias- Little Albert Classical Conditioningo Extinctiono Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioningo Stimulus generalization o Stimulus discrimination Higher Order Conditioningo Pair CS 1 with a new CS 2 o CS 2: CRo But, CR will be weaker Classical Conditioning Applied Drug overdose so Smoking: environmental cue so Systematic desensitization o Advertising: sex appeal o Taste aversion o Conditioning and the immune system Types of Learningo Classical Conditioningo Operant Conditioningo Cognitive and Social Learning Operant Conditioning: Exampleso Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrum so Tantrums bring attention: more tantrum so Slot machine pays out: gamble more Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit Operant Conditioningo Thorndike's puzzle box- Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated o Skinner box Operant Conditioning: Principles Stimulus-Responseo Reinforcement- Positive reinforcement- Negative reinforcement Effective Punishment Should be- Swift- Consistent- Appropriately aversive o Challenges- Physical punishment may be imitated- May fear the person who punishes o Most effective when paired with reinforcersReinforcemento Primary reinforcer so Secondary reinforcer so Behavior modification o Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Beyond Basic Reinforcement Generalization o Discrimination- Discriminative stimulus o Extinctiono Spontaneous recovery Building Complex Behaviors Shaping- Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations of target behavior- Used to train animals to do complex tricks Reinforcement Schedule so Continuous reinforcement o Partial reinforcement o Fixed interval o Variable interval o Fixed ratio o Variable ratio Reinforcement Schedules Classical versus Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning- Learned association between US and CS- Organism is passive- Responses elicited Operant conditioning- Associate response and reinforcement- Organism is active- Responses emitted Types of Learningo Classical conditioning o Operant conditioning o Cognitive and social learning Cognitive Learningo Latent learning- Tolman's rats: cognitive maps Cognitive Learningo Insight learning- "Aha" experience Observational Learningo Bandura's Bobo doll study.