Organized Governments And Complex Religions example essay topic

The Five Themes of Geography Geography: The study of people, their environments, their resources and the interactions among them The Five Themes of Geography are: 1. Location 2. Place 3. Human Environment Interaction 4.

Movement of People Goods and Ideas 5. Region 1. Location: Where something is located on the Earth's Surface Relative - Location of Something in relation to something else (Ex: A house in relation to the street address) Absolute - An exact location of something on the earth's surface using the lines of latitude and longitude. Longitude - The angular distance east or west of the prime meridian that stretches from the North Pole to the South Pole. Latitude - An Imaginary line joining points on the earth's surface that are all equal distance north or south of the equator. It measures 0 o on the equator and are parallel lines.

2. Place: Is and area defined by its physical and / or human characteristics. A) Physical Features - Things that would be in an area if humans never exited (Ex: Wildlife, Forest, Volcanoes, Mountains, Rivers, Oceans, Hills, Valleys, etc.) B) Human Features - Thins humans build, create, or influence. (Ex: Buildings, Crops, Cars, Roads, Cloths, Schools, Dams, Languages, Political Systems, Economic Systems, etc) 3. Human Environment Interaction: Two things can happen when humans interact with environment.

A) People Change The Environment - Need to make easier lifestyle. (Ex: Roads, Buildings, Airports, Tunnels, Bridges, etc Hidden Cost are Created - Damage to the environment. (Ex: Deforestation, Extinction, Overpopulation, Erosion, etc) People Adapt to The New Environment - This includes Genetic Change The Eskimo's body adapts to Alaska harsh cold by growing an extra layer of fat, they use sleds for transportation, live in igloos that are created using ice, and wear heavy cloth. African Tribesman use little to no clothing, no body fat due to the heat because body fat weighs you down, and they are fast and agile to get away from danger.

Chinese stir-fry cooking was developed because minimal fuel is needed. This was created to use the limited amount of fuel they had. 4. Movement of People, Goods, and Ideas People Migration - People move for different reasons, an example would be: Refugees (war), Economy, Climate, Food, Shelter, Religion, Persecution, Political Problems, and so on. Immigration - People move into a country.

Emigration - People move out of a country. Goods o Trade - Products that can be bought or sold. o Import - Goods brought into a country. o Export - Goods that leave a country. o Interdependence - Reliance on other nations to provide goods which can't be produced in their own country. Examples: Coffee - Columbia, Brazil, Venezuela. Oil - Middle East, Venezuela Tea - Asia Technology not- Japan Automobiles - South America Ideas Political Beliefs, Democracy from Greece to U.S. A, Representative government from Rome to U.S.A. Jesuits, Missionaries, Try to convert non-believers to Catholicism. 5. Region - An Area with unifying characteristics, something in common. o Countries can belong to more than one region.

Physical Region Mountainous Regions - Andes Mountains, Appalachian, Rockies, Alps, Himalayas, Adirondacks, Atlas, etc Lake Region - Great Salt lake, Lake Winnipeg, Utah Lake, Lake Titicaca, Loch ness, Lake Victoria, etc. Climate Region - Tropical Rain forest, South America, Africa, etc. Desert Region - Sahara Desert, Kalahari Desert, Mojave Desert, etc. Political Region Where one government ends and another begins (Borders), Representative Government, U.S. A, GB, France, Canada, Germany, Japan, etc. Cultural Region - Islamic (Muslim) Countries, etc.

Economic Regions - Industrial Regions and Agricultural Regions. Landforms 1. Mountains: o Mountains vary in elevation and the way they " re made. - Plate tectonics- Himalayas- Volcanic Activity Elevation is measured in feet. For a something to be labeled a mountain it must be at least 2,000 above sea level, and if it is under 2,000 it is a hill. Sea level is 0 o and is usually rugged terrain.

2. Plains A fairly level gently rolling piece of land that has a low elevation. In the U. S is good for growing crops because of the Great Plains in the mid-east. Most of Europe is located on a plain, and in Russia and the Ukraine crops are grown as well on steppes (plains). o Costal Plains include many harbors, ports, and cities that are built on costal plains. 3. Plateaus A fairly level gently rolling piece of land that is at a high elevation.

In hot tropical area plateaus offer relief from the heat, and by a higher elevation it results in a cooler temperature. An example of this would be Mexico, it being 1 mile high with a population of over 24 million people. 4. Peninsula A Peninsula is a stretch of land surrounded by water on all sides but one (Ex: Florida, Ital, Spain, etc) Climate Zones 1.

Climate - The average weather of an area over a period of 20-30 years, and has a major impact on the way people live. An example of this would be the Siesta that is done in Spain (Southern). When the climate becomes very hot, People close down shops for several hours to escape the heat. When the Spanish colonized Latin America they brought this practice with them.

2. Factors that Affect Climate There are two factors that affect climate, Location and Elevation. Location in relation to latitude. Because the farther away the location it is the cooler it is.

The second would be Elevation, the higher the elevation the cooler it will become. Map Projections All maps show 3-D world in a 2 dimensional state (flat). o Problems: Landscapes, Land Size, and direction can be distorted. The Four Types of Maps: 1. Mercator Map 2. Interrupted Map Projection 3. Robinson Map 4.

Special Purpose Map 1. Mercator Map Accurate along the equator, but is distorted along the poles. 2. Interrupted Map Projectiono Is accurate in the size and shape of most continents, but it is inaccurate in direction, and distance across the ocean.

3. Robinson Map Projectiono Accurate in most landmasses but the direction is inaccurate. 4. Special Purpose Maps - Shows specific information on a map, including regions. o Political Special Purpose Maps - show Borders, Capitals, etc. o Climate Zone Special Purpose Maps - show variations in climate zones. o Population Special Purpose Map - would have a special legend to identify population. o Topography - Shows Mountains, Valleys, Elevation, etc. o Vegetation - Shows Plant Life The Seven Elements of Culture Culture - The beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people. Examples would be food, clothes, our beliefs on what is right and wrong etc. It also influences building styles for example: The Seven Elements of Culture Are: 1.

Social Organization 2. Customs and Traditions 3. Language 4. Arts and Literature 5.

Religion 6. Forms of Government 7. Economic Systems 1. Social Organization - How a society is structured by organizing its members into smaller units. Two Types of Social Organization: 1.

Family Patterns 2. Social Classes) Family Patterns The most important unit of social organization, where children learn how to behave and what they are expected to believe, patterns differ among each culture. Nuclear Family Parents and children within one household, this type of family is found in industrialized, modernized, and business areas. An example would be the United States. Extended Family Several generations under one household or within walking distance. For example, Grandparents, Parents, Aunts, Uncles, Cousins, and so on. o These kinds of families are usually found in agricultural areas, l members of the family work on their farm. o There is much respect for the elders (grandparents), who take care of the children. o And obviously there will be variations on types of families.

Social Classes - How a society ranks its members according to status. o Status - What's important to that culture Ex: - Family- Money- Education- Athleticism- Religion- Age- Leadership Qualities- Beauty- Occupation 2. Customs and Traditions Rules of behavior with a society that is enforced by social pressure Ex: - Easting utensils in the United States are Forks, Spoons, etc; In Japan is chopsticks, and in Africa are hands. - Greetings also include handshakes, waves and to a bow. 3. Language Language is the cornerstone of civilization and it's necessary for communication and reflects the country's identity. A) Bilingual - Speaking two languages.

B) Multilingual - Speaking more than two languages. I. India has over 700 languages and only 15 are labeled 'Official'. 4. Arts and Literature Arts and Literature Strengthens a culture's Identity, adding spice to that culture and it passes on a culture's basic beliefs and values. A) Italy I. Artists Leonardo Da VinciMichelangeloRaphaelII. Authors Dante Machiavelli B) England I. Authors William ShakespeareTolkeinDickensShellyStokerJohn Milton C) Spain. ArtistsPicassoGoyaII.

MusicFlamencoTangoD) U.S. AI. MusicBluesJazzRapGospelCountry II. AuthorsPoeHemingwayKingJack London Mark Twain Emily Dickinson. Artists Andy Warhol Winslow Homer 5.

Religion - Supports values of a group, and vary from culture to culture. o Monotheism - Belief in one god. o Polytheism - Belief in many gods. A) Religious Differences I. Crusades - Christians vs. Muslims II. Middle East - Muslims vs. Jews. N. Ireland - Catholics vs. Protestants IV. Major World Religions - Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Shintoism. 6.

Forms of Government. Government - 1. Person or people who hold power within a society 2. Society's laws and political institutions that are formed to provide for the people's common needs Types of Government Democracy - People have supreme voting power (Athens) Republic - People choose leaders to represent them (Roman Republic, U.S. A, etc) Dictatorship - Ruler or group that holds power by force, stays in power by use of fear, intimidation, imprisonment, torture, and execution. Usually supports military and secret police and controls the mass media. Ex: - Hitler (Nazi Germany) - Castro (Cuba) - Stalin (Soviet Union) - Mussolini (Italy) - Lenin (Soviet Union) - Saddam Hussein (Iraq) Three Branches of Government - All governments in history contain these three branches.

Legislative - Make Laws Executive - Enforce Laws Judicial - Interpret, Sit in judgment of laws. o How governments differ is by who is in power in those branches. 7. Economics System - How people use limited resourced to satisfy their needs and wants. I. Needs - Food, Clothing, and Shelter; Things necessary needed to survive. II.

Wants - Things that make our lives more comfortable after needs are met. A. Traditional Economyo People hunted and gathered and were nomadic peoples. I. Early Traditional Economy & Later Traditional Economy This was referred to as the Agricultural Revolution (aka: Neolithic Revolution, The New Stone Age) During this period there was farming domestication and animal taming, as well as herding (livestock) Surplus - What you have leftover after you satisfy your basic needs. Bartering - Exchange of goods for service. B. Market Economy - Individuals make economic decisions Buying + Selling with money S + D = P Supply + Demand = Price S +^D = ^P ^S + D = P ^S + ^D = Po Each Society must answer three basic economic decisions. What to produce? How to produce?

For whom to produce? Command Economy - Communism The government controls: What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?

Mixed Economyo Part command, Part Market; Government makes certain rules for individuals (U.S. A) Cultural Diffusion o When good and ideas are adopted by one culture from another Rise of Civilization Civilizations - A Complex highly organized social order with own language and way of life. It began after farmers started cultivating fertile lands along rivers and valleys and producing surplus. Vocabulary Surplus - Food, goods left over after your basic needs are satisfied. Loess - The most fertile silt in the world and is yellow in color. Archaeologists - Scientists who study the remains of objects left behind by ancient civilizations Major River Valleys. Nile River Valley - Egypt.

Tigris / Euphrates River Valley - Modern Day Iraq. Indus River - Modern Day Pakistan. Huang He River Valley - Aka: Yellow River or River of Sorrow Features of Civilizationo There are eight similarities among all the ancient Agricultural Civilizations The Eight Similarities: 1. Cities 2. Well-Organized Central Governments 3. Complex Religions 4.

Job Specialization 5. Social Classes 6. Arts and Architecture 7. Public Works 8.

Methods Of Record Keeping Beginnings of Civilizationo As more people began to farm and heard. Populations in these areas began to grow. Villages - Towns - Cities - City States - Civilizations 1. Cities o Highly organized cities with complex urban planning such as neighborhoods, areas for food storage, extensive street networks.

2. Well-Organized Central Government Came to the conclusion that early civilizations had highly organized governments and complex religions and to prove it they have found palaces, temples and irrigation systems and to do these they needed a strong government. 3. Complex Religions As people began to form polytheistic beliefs, religion evolved from animal gods and spirits to "earth" gods and spirits such as the god of the sub, rain, rivers, earth, moon, and so on. 4.

Job Specialization As civilizations grow, there are new technologies and specialized skills needed. Artisans - Skilled Craft workers (Ex: Basket weavers, Metalworkers, Blacksmiths, Carpenters, Merchants / Traders, and Scribes) 5. Social Classes 6. Arts and Architecture Palaces, Temples, Statues, Government Buildings, etc.

7. Public Works. Things that make a Community Work Irrigation Systems, Defensive Walls, Roads, Sewers, Running Water, and so on. In other words, it benefits the society as a whole.

8. Methods of Record Keeping Keeps records of taxes, population numbers, religious prayers and ceremonies I. Pictographs - First form of writing, picture represent objects (Ex: Hieroglyphic From Egypt; Cuneiform - From Mesopotamia) II. Ideographs - Symbols represent ideas, feelings and emotions, etc. Geography of Greece. Homeland A. Mountains and Valleys - Divided Greece at the Balkan Peninsula and had different small cities because of mountains; rivalry led to war. B. The Seas - Hundreds of bays that had skilled Greek sailors.

II. Early Governments. Monarchy - Ruled by a king or Queen B. Aristocracy - Rule by a holding Elite. Oligarchy - Powerful Elite, Usually Business Class. Geographic Setting (Mountainous Peninsula) A. Peninsula - Piece of land surrounded by water on all sides but one Irregular Coastline Good Defenses Natural Harbors Trade and Transportation Fishermen Leads to exploring creating colonies throughout the "Mediterranean sea" or the "Center of the world IV. Cultural Diffusion Adopt and Adapt ideas from other civilizations Phoenician Alphabet Coins or Money (Middle East) VI.

City States Mountainous Peninsula makes it very difficult for trade, transportation, and communication. As a result City-States (c-st's) grew. Small, separate communities with common heritage, language, and religion Each had its own legal system and government, which controlled both the city and the surrounding countryside. At the center of the city was the Acropolis Hill-top fortress was it's main role Continued market-place Center of public life People met and discussed issues of the day Politics, Government, religion, etc. Greek Government - Evolved Over Time Over time, the wealthy nobles wanted a say in the government.

As costs grew other classes wanted more say in the government, they gained control over certain rights. A. Monarchies - Kings. Aristocracies - Government run by a small privileged upper-class. C. Democracy - Grew from different classes wanting a say in the government.