Parliament's Authority Over Colonies example essay topic

HIS 102-WESTERN CIVILIZATION II Terms & Key Words-Section II Topic #2: The Reign of Terror and the Guillotine Storming of the Tuileries (Aug 1792): revolutionary event during which the king's Swiss Guards were massacred by the Paris mob, forcing Louis XVI to seek refuge with the National Assembly, which took him prisoner Philippe Ega lite: adopted name of the Duke of Orleans, who was a cousin of Louis XVI & who voted for the king's execution sans-culottes: "without breeches"-the Paris mob who wore long trousers, not knee breeches like the aristocrats Reign of Terror: period of extreme violence during the French Revolution implemented by Robespierre & his followers to protect the Revolution & establish the Republic of Virtue Republic of Virtue: ideal state envisioned by Robespierre where all citizens would possess high moral standards & be dedicated patriots guillotine: a supposedly humane mode of capital punishment, it was a modernized mechanism used to decapitate over 20,000 people during the Reign of Terror Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotine: Paris deputy & professor of anatomy who proposed a single humane mode of capital punishment involving decapitation by a simple mechanism Dr. Antoine Louis: secretary of the Academy of Surgery who designed the guillotine the Plane: beheading device used before 1400 in Germany & Flandersmandara: aka manna ia-beheading device used in Renaissance Italy during the 15th century Scottish Maiden: only surviving example of a pre-guillotine used until 1710 Tobias Schmidt: German harpsichord maker who actually built the first guillotine Jacques Nicolas Pelletier: thief & assassin who was the first live prisoner publicly executed with the guillotine the "red mass": fanatical phrase used in reference to the executions by guillotine during the Reign of Terror " patriotic tour": euphemistic phrase used in reference to the transporting of guillotines to rural areas of France during the Reign of Terror Victims' Balls: a reaction to the Reign of Terror in which the family & friends of those executed gathered to waltz in remembrance of the dead CH 17: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars & Colonial Rebellion " decolonization" (p. 378): dismantling Europe's colonial empires; the fourth and final stage of Europe's relations with the wider world; mid-20th century mercantilism (p. 379): bullion measure country's wealth; excess of exports over imports; world's resources were limited only one nation at the expense of others, established colonies, didn't work in reality the factories (pp. 379-80): European trading posts in India; two major English and French trading companies existed out of these posts Council of the Indies (p. 380): Spain governed America; in conjunction with the crown legislated the American colonies and nominated viceroys of New Spain and peru; Political Power Flowed from the top down. (p. 380): Each of the Spanish Viceroys were divided up into these judicial districts; corregidor es (p. 380): most important local officials Spanish America; Chairs of the municipal councils; Casa de Contrat aci " on (p. 380): "House of Trade"; located in Seville; regulated all commerce with the new world " aziz (p. 380): only port authorized for use by ships trading with America The flota (p. 380): a fleet of commercial vessels belonging to Seville's merchants and escorted by warships; carried merchandise from Spain to a few specified ports in America; loaded up with Gold and sent (p. 381): persons born in Spain; instrument of Charles ; allowed more control over the colonies creoles (p. 381): persons born in colonies; treated as 2nd class citizens by the peninsularesSilesia (p. 387): Austrian province annexed; Fredrick II did this to take advantage of the death of Charles VI Convention of Westminster (p. 388): Austria aligned with French; France didn't want to be caught b / w Prussia and Britain; was intended to prevent foreign troops from entering the German ies, alarmed Maria Theresa Seven Years' War (pp. 388-9): pitted Prussia & Britain against France & Austria; William Pitt the Elder (pp. 388-9): British secretary of state; by siding with Prussia; helped take attention off of North America and in effect won the colonies on the plains of Germany; united colonies as no one had before Robert Clive (p. 389): British commander in India; opened the way for the conquest of Bengal and all India Treaty of Paris (p. 389): ended Seven Years' War; 1763; Britain won out but settled with some select locations Sugar Act, 1764 (p. 390): increase revenue by more rigorously collecting what was actually a lower tax; Stamp Act, 1765 (p. 390): tax on legal documents and newspapers; Stamp Act Congress (p. 390): drafted protest to the crown & devised boycott of British imports; Declaratory Act, 1766 (p. 390): Parliament reaffirmed power to legislate for colonies after repealing the Stamp Act Charles Townshend (p. 390): British finance minister- established revenue acts relating to colonial imports, sent customs agents to colonies to collect taxes " Boston Massacre" (p. 390): soldiers who were guarding British customs agents fired on mob, killing 5 people Lord North (pp. 390,392): establish Parliament's authority over colonies once and for all intention; behind intolerable acts the Intolerable Acts (p. 390): closed port of Boston, reorganized the government of Massachusetts, quartered soldiers in private homes, and transferred trials of customs officials accused of crimes to England Quebec Act (p. 390): extended boundaries of Quebec to include the ohio river valley, offered yet more provocation, looked like an attempt to halt the spread of American concepts of liberty at the Appalachian Mountains First Continental Congress (p. 391): response to Intolerable Acts; original intention was to persuade parliament to give up direct supervision of the colonies, proved impossible Lexington & Concord (p. 391): first armed clash b / w colonies and Britain Second Continental Congress (p. 391): response to Lexington & Concord; organized a government for the colonies even though still hoped to dissuade Britain Continental Congress (p. 391): adopted Declaration of Independence; the Commonwealth men (p. 391): largely ignored political writers in Britain; kept alive the radical republican ideals of the Puritan revolution, were motivated by opposition to the governments of Robert Walpole and his successors, They regarded much parliamentary taxation as nothing more than a method to finance political corruption, and they viewed standing armies as instruments of tyranny John Wilkes (p. 392): London political radical; member of parliament, and published a newspaper called the North Briton, used newspaper to attack the kings minister, Lord Bute; for this he was arrested but found innocent, parliament expelled him; he came back and was elected to parliament but was not seated eventually was lord mayor of London and parliament seated him Yorkshire Association Movement (p. 393): mass meeting initiated by Christopher Wy vil; Yorkshire's propertied men met to demand moderate changes in the corrupt system of parliamentary elections; Similar groups began to appear and inspire eventual change CH 18: The Age of Enlightenment: 18th Century Thought the Enlightenment (p. 400): 18th-century intellectual movement philosophes (p. 400): activist philosophers who advocated the use of reason and common sense to reform institutions and social conduct, forged new attitude that viewed change as something positive, not a threat Voltaire (p. 400): most influential of philosophes; French writer who believed society could and should be improved, but he was not confident that reforms could be sustained Candide (p. 400): Voltaire's most popular work; attack on war, religious persecution, and unwarranted optimism about the human condition print culture (p. 401): dramatic increase printed material; communication improved tabula rasa (p. 401): "blank page"; John Locke's theory on the human mind at birth, the mind is affected by experience rejected the concept of inherent sin and thought that humans could be engineered to be good the Encyclopedia (pp. 402-3): edited by Diderot & d'Alembert; one of the greatest monuments of the enlightenment; got many to contribute; cloaked godless ideas in obscure articles deism (p. 404): philosophes' theology; insisted the existence of God and the precepts of God's will could be discovered by empirical observation of natural phenomena John Toland (p. 404): one of the pioneers of deism; author of Christianity not mysterious (1696); Jean Cal as (p. 405): this huge nots brutal execution inspired Voltaire to pen his Treatise on tolerance, calling for a reform of Protestant and Catholic fanaticism; Baruch Spinoza (pp. 405-6): Jewish intellectual accused of being atheist; Netherlands, excommunicated Moses Mendelsohn (pp. 405-6): Jews join European mainstream without having to abandon Judaism; proponent of religious toleration Lady Mary Worley Montague (p. 406): found much to praise in Ottoman society; said that many things Britain thought about Islam were just untrue Cesare Beccaria (p. 407): author On Crimes & Punishment; opposed death penalty and capitol punishment, crimes were not from someones concept of the will of God, laws to benefit human beings physiocrats (p. 407): opposed mercantilism; Francois Quesnay & Pierre Dupont de Nemours (p. 407): leaders of physiocrats; argued that a government's intervention in a state's economy should be limited to protecting property and ensuring the rights of owners to use it freely Adam Smith (p. 407): author The Wealth of Nations; the enlightenment's most important contribution to the field of economics; believed that economies should be lefts alone to function according to nature's laws. He urged the abolition of mercantilism's navigation acts, bounties, tariffs, trade monopolies, and regulations governing labor and manufacturing laissez-faire (p. 407): policy noninterference economic affairs; especially the policy of government noninterference in economic affairs or business four-stage theory (p. 408): Smith's theory several phases economic development; provided Europeans with a scale by which to rate the progress of all other peoples on earth, maintained that the European form of commercial life was the highest manifestation of civilization, encouraged Europeans to look down on everyone else and to assume it was their mission to civilize the world Baron de Montesquieu (p. 408): anticipated discipline of sociology; member of parlement and a lawyer, believed no set of laws could apply to all people at all times Spirit of the Laws (p. 408): Montesquieu compared political institutions ancient and modern to conclude that no set of laws could apply to everyone at all times Madame de Pompadour (p. 411): mistress Louis XV countered attacks on philosophes; helped defeat attempts to censor the EnyclopediaMadame Marie Th " er'ese Geoff rin (p. 411): salon most important gathering spot for enlightenment writers during the mid-18th century. Emile (p. 411): novel stressed differences between males & females; Rousseau believed women were inferior to men Mary Wollstonecraft (pp. 412-3): author A Vindication of the Rights of Women; stood up to Rousseau and his followers beliefs about the inferiority of women enlightened absolutism (p. 413): ideal political system; rigorously centralized governments led to give rulers the power to implement reforms with maximum efficiency Toleration Patent (p. 415): Joseph II extended freedom of worship; Austria; Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek OrthodoxJosephinism (p. 415): subjected Catholic church to state control; made the priests state employees robot (p. 415): forced labor peasants; Legislative Commission (p. 416): Catherine II charged with proposing changes in Russian law and government Charter of the Nobility (p. 417): secured many of the rights & privileges Russian aristocracy; Catherine II Treaty of Kuch uk-Kainardji (p. 417): ended hostilities between Russia & Ottomans; granted Russia access to the Black sea and navigation rights of the sea CH 19: The French Revolution Calonne (p. 425): minister of finance proposed new tax on land for landowners regardless of class, lowered many other taxes to encourage internal trade Assembly of Notables (p. 425): representing higher-ranking aristocrats & clergy; the Estates General (p. 425): medieval institution not met since 1614; had to be convened to consent to new taxes, pandered to aristocracy and clergy Brienne (p. 425): finance minister appealed to Assembly of the Clergy for money to pay the national debt; supported the land tax after taking Calonne's job; was refused the money First Estate (p. 426): clergy; Second Estate (p. 426): nobility Third Estate (p. 426): represented middle classes; represented members of the commercial and professional middle classes cahiers de dol'e ances (p. 427): list of grievances from the people represented by the Estates General National Assembly (p. 427): new legislative body; The third estate declared itself this and the 2nd estate soon joined them Tennis Court Oath (p. 427): resolution not to disperse until constitution; forced to meet in a nearby tennis court National Constituent Assembly (p. 428): renamed legislative body, brought together men from all estates who shared hopes for liberal reform the Bastille (p. 428): fortress in Paris; 800 working class people marched to demand weapons for Paris' militia, got out of hand the cockade (p. 428): red, white & blue-striped badge; the badge that signified the revolution and became France's flag the "Great Fear" (p. 428): peasant revolts spawned by rumor that royal troops were being sent to occupy the countryside Night of August 4 (p. 428): nobles & clergy renounced feudal rights; Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen (p. 429): a statement of the political principles that would guide the writing of a new constitution; all men born free & equal Parisian Women's March (p. 429): Parisian women descended on Versailles demanding relief from a Bread shortage, in response Louis XVI moved back to Paris Constitution of 1791 (p. 430): established unicameral Legislative Assembly; active citizens (p. 430): paid annual taxes equal 3 days laborOlympe de Gouges (p. 431): authored Declaration of the Rights of Womend' (p. 431): replaced French provincesChapelier Law (p. 431): law that forbade workers' associations assignats (p. 433): bonds backed by the revenue generated from the sale of church property Civil Constitution of the Clergy (p. 434): reorganization French Catholic church to comply with new district ing; made clergy paid employees of the state " emir'es (p. 434): aristocrats fled to countries France's borders; set up bases for counterrevolutionary activities Varennes (p. 434): Louis XVI prevented from fleeing; Declaration of Pillnitz (p. 434): Austria / Prussia intervene to protect royal family Jacobins (p. 435): best organized of political clubs; wanted a republic not a constitutional monarchy Girondists (p. 435): aka Brissot ins; assumed leadership of the Legislative assembly and took actions against the forces of counterrevolution Pauline L'eon (p. 435): leader women petitioned for right to bear arms the Tuileries (p. 435): royal palace in Paris invaded by Parisians September Massacres (p. 436): execution 1200 assumed to be counterrevolutionaries mostly aristocrats and priests the Convention (p. 436): newly elected French body declared France a republic; Valmy (p. 436): French army halted Prussian advance: battle sans-culottes (p. 437): "without breeches" "the Mountain" (p. 437): more extreme Jacobins " Citizen Capet" (p. 437): Louis XVI Edmund Burke (p. 438): British statesman outlined conservative political position Reign of Terror (p. 438): extreme measures to protect revolution Committee of Public Safety (p. 439): gradually acquired dictatorial power Maximilien Robespierre (pp. 439-40): dominant member Committee of Public Safety lev " ee en masse (p. 439): total military mobilization " republic of virtue" (p. 439): elevation public over private good Society of Revolutionary Republican Women (p. 440): female group pushed radical political agenda " Temple of Reason" (p. 440): Notre Dame " Cult of the Supreme Being" (p. 440): deistic civic religion tribunals (p. 440): search out & try enemies of 'es (p. 441): sans-culottes extremists Law of 22 Prairial (p. 441): increased murderous efficiency of tribunals the Thermidorian Reaction (p. 441): tempering revolutionary fervor " the white terror" (p. 441): bloody reaction Constitution of 1793 (p. 442): fully democratic political document Constitution of the Year (p. 442): provided for bicameral legislature the Directory (p. 442): 5-person committee provided executive leadership Gracchus Babeuf (p. 443): leader "Conspiracy of Equals " CH 20: The Age of Napoleon & the Triumph of Romanticism Napoleon Bonaparte (p. 448): most political revolutionary army general Treaty of Campo Formio (p. 448): France's domination Italy & Switzerland the Abbe Si " ey'es (p. 449): director plotted to establish new government Constitution of the Year V (p. 449): political document issued by Napoleon First Consul (p. 449): post claimed by Napoleon Consulate (p. 449): one-man government by Napoleon Treaty of Amiens (pp. 449,452): truce Britain & Napoleon Concordat of 1801 (p. 450): agreement Napoleon & Pope Pius VII Organic Articles (p. 451): French state supreme over church Civil Code of 1804 (p. 451): Napoleonic Code Trafalgar (p. 452): great naval victory British Austerlitz (p. 452): Napoleon's greatest victory " Continental System" (p. 453): economic warfare guerrilla (p. 455): new kind warfare in Spain Sir Arthur Wellesley (p. 455): future duke of Wellington " scorched earth" (p. 455): Russian depriving Napoleon food & supplies Grand Army (p. 455): Napoleon's 600,000 soldiers invade Russia Leipzig (p. 457): "Battle of the Nations " Elba (p. 457): island off Italy Napoleon exiled Treaty of Chaumont (p. 457): restored Bourbons French throne Quadruple Alliance (p. 457): 20-year commitment keep peace Congress of Vienna (pp. 457-8): Great Power meeting Waterloo (p. 458): Wellington defeated Napoleon St. Helena (p. 458): Atlantic island Napoleon died in exile the Hundred Days (p. 458): period Napoleon's return " Holy Alliance" (p. 458): common front Christian principles romanticism (p. 460): reaction against rationalism & scienticismSturm und Drang (p. 460): "storm & stress " Immanuel Kant (p. 461): author two greatest philosophical works late 18th century categorical imperative (p. 461): Kant's view innate sense moral duty August Wilhelm von Schlegel (p. 462): first used "romantic" as term of praise Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (p. 464): masterpiece Faust Methodism (p. 464): John Wesley-first major religion embody romanticism Johann Gottfried Herder (p. 465): led Germans on search for roots of identity the Grimm brothers (p. 465): famous collection fairy tales Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (p. 465): thesis, antithesis, synthesis Rosetta Stone (p. 466): key translation ancient hieroglyphic writing CH 21: The Conservative Order & the Challenge of Reform (pp. 472-91) nationalism (p. 472): people share ethnic identity popular sovereignty (p. 472): identity of people sole basis political legitimacy " Irish problem" (p. 473): complications England's decision govern Ireland directly liberal (p. 473): political program derived from Enlightenment conservatism (p. 474): political thought promoted monarchies, aristocracies, established churches Prince Clemens von Metternich (p. 475): epitomized conservatism German Confederation (p. 475): political body replace defunct Holy Roman Empire Burschenschaften (p. 476): German student associations Karl Sand (p. 476): Burschenschaften member executed Carlsbad Decrees (p. 476): dissolved Burschenschaften the Final Act (p. 476): limited subjects discussed Lord Liverpool (p. 476): leader Tory ministry protecting wealthy Combination Acts (p. 476): outlawed labor unions Corn Law of 1815 (p. 476): maintained high prices grains Coercion Act (p. 477): temporarily suspended habeas corpus Peterloo massacre (p. 477): troops panicked crowd Six Acts (pp. 477-8): repressive legislation Lord Liverpool's cabinet Louis XV (p. 478): restored Bourbon monarch the Charter (p. 478): Louis XV's (p. 478): extreme French royalists the White Terror (p. 478): royalist attacks duke of Berri (p. 478): assassination repressive measures Concert of Europe (p. 478): coordinating foreign policies the Cort " es (p. 479): Spain's parliament Protocol of Trop pau (p. 479): right stable governments to intervene George Canning (p. 479): minimizing Britain's involvement continental affairs Treaty of London (p. 480): demanded Greece independence Serbia (p. 480): second independent state Balkan peninsula Toussaint L'Ouverture & Jean-Jacques Dessalines: leaders Haiti independence juntas (p. 481): Creole political committees Nicholas I (p. 485): feared any tinkering Russia's traditional institutions Decembrist Revolt (p. 485): attempt reform Russian government Official Nationality (p. 485): "Orthodoxy, Autocracy & Nationalism " Organic Statute (p. 486): Poland integral part Russian Empire the gendarme of Europe (p. 486): Nicholas I's suppression liberal & nationalist movements Charles X (p. 486): Louis XV's brother & successor Prince de Polignac (p. 486): ultra royalist minister the July Revolution (p. 486): Charles X abdicate Louis Philippe (p. 486): liberal duke of Orl " eansJuly Monarchy (p. 487): Louis Philippe's constitutional monarchy Algiers (p. 487): North African empire for France Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (p. 488): Belgian king Convention of 1839 (p. 488): Belgium's neutrality Great Reform Bill (pp. 488-9): extended franchise & replaced "rotten" boroughs Act of Union, 1800 (p. 488): granted Ireland seats in Commons the Catholic Association (p. 488): Irish nationalists-Catholic emancipation Catholic Emancipation Act (p. 488): allowed Catholics to be seated (in Parliament).