Plague Hit Europe example essay topic

Megan Alderson IDS - Final Dr. Lynn RaleyDateThe Black Death Considered one of the worst natural disasters in world history, the Black Death came through Europe in 1347 A.D. It ravaged cities and town, causing a death to the masses, and no one was considered safe. The Plague is any epidemic scourge or calamity for which remedies are difficult to find, and according to the encyclopedia, plague is a common term for a disease of rodents that occasionally cause severe human infection. Named for the black spots that appeared on the victims's kin, the original disease originated from Oriental Rat Fleas and black rats. It first infected Mongol armies and traders in Asia, and then began moving west with them as they traveled. There was no natural immunity to the disease, and standards of public health and personal hygiene were nearly nonexistent. It is believed that if people had not fled to nearby cities in hopes of escaping the plague, it might not have ever spread like it did.

In the end, it passed through Italy, France, England, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Finland, and even up to the island of Greenland. City dwellers were hit the hardest due to the fact of crowded streets and the lack of sanitation. Up until the mid-15th century, recurrent epidemics prevented the recovery of Europe's population to pre-plague levels. The Black Death was an important turning point for the history of Europe. This time was "the beginning of the end of the medieval period and the start of a social transformation of the continent". The social and economic impacts of the plague were so huge, economics, politics and the European society would never be the same again.

The plague took on three different forms, each with its own unique way of killing. The most common, bubonic, was considered the mildest form, with a mortality rate of thirty to seventy-five percent. A person with this would be seen with enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, arm and groin regions, with headaches, nausea, body aches, and a high fever. The pneumonic plague was the second most commonly seen form of the Black Death. Only five percent of its victim's survived, infecting the lungs, causing a person to cough and vomit blood.

The least common form, but most deadly, with a one hundred percent death rate was the septicemic plague. Even today, if a person were to come up with this form of the plague, there is no cure, treatment, or way to stop it. The symptoms are a high fever and skin discoloration of a dark purple. This dark purple, almost black looking color is where the Black Death got its name. The victims of any of these three forms of the plague were usually dead within twenty-four hours of their first symptom. Once the symptoms occurred, there was not way of stopping the disease, death was inevitable.

The plague greatly effected the social and economic aspects of Europe, while some effects are still being seen today. The population loss was astronomical if you consider the actual amount of people living in Europe at the time. Although an exact number can and will never be calculated, the closest estimate is about one-third of the overall population from 1347-1352 A.D. Some areas across Europe suffered very little, while others were completely obliterated. Long term population loss was also hard to recover from. Urban populations recovered quickly because of the immigration out of the country and into the cities. People came to the cities because of the great increase in opportunities.

Jobs and other things were now open, and store owners were desperate for any help they could get. On the other side, rural life was not the same for a great number of years. City businesses suffered greatly from the plague. Financially, people who had lent out loans were left with no way of getting their money back, for the debtor had died, along with his entire family, leaving the creditor with no one to collect his money from. Building projects were stopped or completely abandoned. People with a special or unique trade died, leaving their skills to be lost along with them.

Big cities and small towns alike were willing to play high dollars for people with any type of specialties. Entire families were left with no heirs, and their houses were left empty. Landlords in turn stopped freeing their serfs and kept them to get as much work out of them as they could. Many peasants died, and the ones left became very high in demand. Mayors and monarchs did not know what to do; they sought out help from men of science, men of medicine, and church leaders to provide and explanation.

The only justification for the plague was the disease was a divine punishment for all the sins in the world. They believed God was striking down humanity with no mercy and the seemingly randomness of the victims was a manifestation of God's unknowable will. According to certain faculty at the University of Paris, "although major pestilential illnesses can be caused by the corruption of water or food, as happens at times of famine and infertility, yet we still regard illnesses proceeding from the corruption of air as much more dangerous. This is because bad air is more noxious that food or drink in that it can penetrate quickly to the heart and lungs to do its damage. We believe that the present epidemic or plague had arisen from air corrupt in its substance, and not changed in its attributes... What happened was that the many vapors which had been corrupted at the time of the conjunction were drawn up from the earth and water, and were then mixed with air and spread abroad by frequent gusts of wind in the wild southerly gales, and because of these alien vapors, which they carried on the winds corrupted the air in its substance, and are still doing so".

There were many long term effects from the Black Death. The shortage of laborers drove wages up and drained the feudal estates of their workers; millions of whom sought a better living in the cities once the plague had passed. The independent feudal lords who vied with the kings for influence and power seemed to weaken due to the plague. Also, the death helped bring about a centralization of power in the hands of the monarchs. With the population of cultivators in sharp decline, crop fields were replaced by new pastures for herds of sheep and cows. Before the Black Death, dissections of bodies were strictly forbidden by the church.

Afterwards, these strictures loosened and doctors made a closer study of the human body, which lead to a basic understanding of anatomy and the function of organs. Universities in Western Europe began to establish faculties of medicine devoted to the causes, prevention, and treatment of diseases. After the plague, Europe lost million and millions of productive laborers. Crops were not planted nor harvested, while miles upon miles of farmland returned to its natural state. Rural peasants were let go from their bonds and freed from the land, joining craft guilds and being hired for their skills to whoever offered any amount of money for their services.

The feudal system weakened the dominance of landowners throughout society when European nobility began to see their power fall and the king's power rise. This is the time the first nation-states began to arise throughout Europe. The European society was never able to fully recover from the great tragedy of the Black Death. Modern historians believe much of this is directly related to the English Church because of the high mortality rate within the clergy itself. When the members of the clergy died, new recruits were brought in to replace the dead, but they were no where near as qualified for the high tasks the clergy performed. Clergy recruitment fell hard and monastic houses never recovered.

Cardinal Gasquet made a comment stating, "The plague led to the emergence for the first time of a middle class funded by accumulating the wealth of those who had died". Because the rural peasants suffered the highest mortality, they became much more expensive and demanding about where they worked, and how well they wanted to perform. For over a century after the plague ended, the then weakened communities provided the opportunity for landlords to clear any land for farmland and sheep raising. Society seemed to be turned upside down in the years following the Black Death. Kingdom rulers reacted with great force. Many elements of the European legislation were altered, with some being completely changed.

Because of the shortage in the workforce, workers were ordered to take their wages at any rate they could attain. Landlords gained many payments from the deaths of their own tenants. Inevitably, incomes fell, resulting in the piles of accounts which survived the period of the Black Death. Many villages and hamlets were deserted and never inhabited again. Feudalism seemed to end with the coming of the Black Death, and many believe the two are directly related. Feudalism is known as the system of service in return for a grant of land, burdening the peasant with many obligations to his lord.

The payments involved in feudalism were to be paid upon entering any land holdings, marriage, death, or any other occasions by which the individual lord and peasant agree. The plague seemed to speed up this process by dramatically reducing the number of peasants, and communication accelerated the matter. Landlords tried their best to keep a cap on the rising wages and changing social ambitions of the peasants, but there was too much chaos in the system at the time. Lords and peasants were both looking for the highest wages they could possibly take. Because of this, no matter who you were before the plague hit Europe, anyone who survived the plague, additional wealth from the rise in wages and accumulated holdings of land hold by plague victims was in store.