Plural In Compound Nouns The example essay topic

Regular - one. Plural - more than one. Regular Plurals: Nouns ending in vowels & voiced consonants - -s (bee-bees, dog-dogs, [z]) Voiceless consonants - -s (book-books, [s]) -s, -sh, -ss, -ch, -x, -z - -es (actress-actresses, [iz]) -o: -es-hero-heroes. But: -os: after a vowel - bamboos, embryos, folios, kangaroos, radios, studios, zoos. In proper names - Romeos, Eskimos, Filipinos.

In abbreviations - kilos, photos, pros (professional). Also: pianos, concertos, dynamos, quartos, solos, tangos, tobaccos. In other cases the spelling is -oes (tomatoes, echoes, Negroes, potatoes, vetoes, torpedoes, embargoes) -oes/-os: cargo (e)'s, banjo (e)'s, halo (e)'s Consonant+y - -ies (sky-skies). But: -ys After vowels, except nouns ending -quy (day-days, soliloquy-soliloquies) In proper names: the two Germany's, the Kennedys, the Gatsby's In compounds: stand-bys, lay-bys.

Penny: pence-the British currency, pennies-for individual coins. -f (e) -ves: wife-wives, life-lives, leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wolf-wolves, calf-calves, half-halves, loaf-loaves, self-selves, shelf-shelves. -s: other nouns (proof-proofs, chief-chefs, safe-safes, cliff-cliffs, gulf-gulfs, dwarf-dwarfs, reef-reefs, grief-griefs -ves/-s: scarf-scarfs / scarves, dwarf-dwarfs / dwarves, hoof-hoofs / hooves. -th - -ths (mouth-mouths) in abbreviations - -s (M.P. -M.P. s) But: Ms (manuscript) -MSS, p. (page) -pp., Mr- Irregular Plurals. By vowel change (Man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, louse-lice). -en (ox-oxen, child-children) Identical (sheep-sheep, swine-swine, deer-deer, grouse-grouse. But: 2 variants: fish-fish / fishes, pike-pile / pikes, trout-trout (s), carp-carp (s), salmon-salmon (s). The zero plural is more common to denote hunting quarries. (We caught a few fish, five salmon); the regular plural - different individuals, species.

Nationality nouns in -ese, -ss: Chinese, Swiss. And: Englishmen = the English, Dutchmen = the Dutch. Latin & French nouns: series-series (, ), species-species (, , ), corps [ko: ]-corps [ko: z] (, ). Pair, couple, dozen, score (20), stone (6, 35 kg), head : 2 dozen of children, dozens of children. 4. Loans of Greek origin - (-is - -es: basis-bases, crisis-crises, analysis, thesis, parenthesis, axis [, , ], hypothesis, diagnosis; -on - a: criterion - criteria, phenomenon, -a - ata: miasma-miasma ta) Loans of Latin origin (-us - -i, -ora, -era: stimulus-stimuli, nucleus-nuclei, radius-radii, genus-genera ; -a - -ae: formula-formulae (formulas), antenna, vertebra ; -um - -a: datum-data [ ], stratum-strata, erratum-errata ; -es, -ix - -ices, -es: index-indices (indexes), appendix, matrix) Other loan nouns (-ean - -eaux: tableau-tableaux, bureau; -o - -i: tempo-tempi) 2 variants (memorandum -memoranda, memorandums, curriculum-curricula, curriculums [ ], formula-formulae, formulas, cherub-cherubim, cherubs, focus-foci, focuses) Different meaning index-indexes-list of contents of books, indices-; genius-geniuses-men of talent, genii-, ) Plural in compound nouns The 2nd component takes the plural form as a rule (housewives, tooth-brushes) -ful - at the end of the word (handfuls, spoonfuls) man & woman -the 1st components (men-servants, women-doctors) ending -man - men (policeman-policeman) But: Germans, Romans (not compounds) prepositional noun phrase where the preposition is a linking element only - the 1st noun takes the plural form (editors-in-chief-, mothers-in-law, commanders-in-chiefs-, coats-of-mail-, men-of-war-) compounds = conjunction as a linking element - the plural is taken by the 2nd noun (gin-and-tonics) compound = noun+preposition / adverb /adjective-the 1st element-plural (passers-by, lookers-on-, courts-material -- , attorneys-general-) when the compound is a substantivized phrase which doesn't contain a noun, the last element -plural (forget-me-nots-, breakdowns-, stand-bys-, grown-ups, close-ups-, pick-ups-, drop-outs-, go-betweens-) Invariable nouns (can't change their number) Singular invariable nouns Non-count Material (tea, sugar) But: cheeses-kind of cheese Abstract-music, anger Proper nouns The Thames, Henry Some ending-s news (10 o'clock news), means-by this means, Gallows diseases (mumps-, measles-, rickets-, shingles-) games (billiards, bowls-, dominoes, draughts) some proper nouns (Algiers, Athens, Brussels, Flanders, Marseilles, Naples, Wales, The United Nations, the United States.

Nouns ending -ics (classics, phonetics) Plural invariable nouns Marked Names of tools... consisting 2 equal parts (bellows-, binoculars, breeches-, braces-, flannels-, glasses, pants-, , pincers-, pliers-, , pyjamas, scales, scissors, shorts, spectacles-, suspenders-, tights-, tongs-, trousers, tweezers-) Miscellaneous nouns (annals, antics, archives, arms, ashes, the Commons, contents, customs, customs-duty, customs-house, earnings, goods, goods train, greens, holidays, manners, minutes, outskirts, quarters, stairs, suds, surroundings, thanks, troops, wages, whereabouts, the Middle Ages) Some proper nouns (the East Indies, the West Indies, the Hebrides, the Highlands, the Midlands, the Netherlands) Unmarked (nouns of multitude & collective): C: the family was large, m: the family were fond of their house. Ways of showing partition A piece of, a loaf of, a stick of, a bar of, a sheet of, lump, blade, block, strip, grain, pile, heap, word, item, article, fit 2. Category of Case of the noun Shows the relation of the noun with other words in the sentence Common case-zero inflexion Genitive case-apostrophe's ('s) Genitive Pronunciation: [z]-after vowels & voiced consonants-negro's, dog's [s]-after voiceless consonants-student's [iz]-after sibilants - prince's, judge's; Marx's ideas zero ending-girls', boys' with regular plural nouns (boys') greek nouns in -s (Socrates' wife, Xerxes' other names: 2 variants - Burns' & Burns's poems Compound nouns-s joined to the final component (the editor-in chief's office) Group genitive (when's can be joined) 2 persons possess or are related to smith they have in common (mom & dad's room, John & Mary's car) to a more extensive phrase which may even contain a clause (the Duke of Norfolk's sister, the secretary of state's room, the man I saw yesterday's son) to a noun (pronoun) +a pronoun group (someone else's benefit) to a group ending in a numeral (in an hour or two's time) The main meaning of the genitive case-possession, Possessive case, main modifications: the idea of belonging: John's coat Different kinds of relations: Relation of the whole to its part (Jon's leg) Personal or social relations (John's wife) subjective relations (The doctor's arrival, the Chekhov's book) authorship (Byron's poem) objective relations (John's arrest-he was arrested) measure (an hour's trip, a mile's distance)'s lost the meaning of possession (woman's work, idiot's smile, women's college, angel's eyes) The use of genitive case & its equivalent of-phrase with nouns denoting persons & animals (John's idea, swalow's nest). With other nouns-of+noun phrase with nouns denoting time & distance (minute, moment, year & substantivized adverbs - today) today's papers-, the papers of today-) with the names of countries & towns (Britain's national museum, Canada's population) with the names of newspapers denoting different kinds of organizations (company's plan, Guardian's analysis, Geographical Society's gold medal) with the nouns world, nation, country, city, town (the nation's health) with the nouns ship, boat, car (ship's crew) with nouns denoting planets (sun, moon, earth) (this earth's life) set expressions: to one heart's content (desire), at death's door, at arm's length, out of harm's way, a hair's breadth, a needle's eye, at a stone's throe, to move at a snail's pace, at the water's edge The syntactical function of the genitive -attribute.

It's always used as a pre modifier & sometimes called the depend genitive. The absolute genitive - when the genitive case is not followed by the headword & when it stands for the whole noun phrase: It is used: to avoid repetition (our house is better than Mary's (house) ) after the preposition of (an old friend of my mother's) to denote shops (the grocer's, the baker's) saints' names Paul's (cathedral) places of residence (at my uncle's, at Timothy's) Double genitive My mother's father's people The boy's half-hour's run.