Q Kidneys 1 2 Kidneys example essay topic

CH. 16 Digestive and Urinary System Lesson 1: The Digestive System Terms: q Digestion: q Absorption: q Elimination: q Mastication: q Peristalsis: q Gastric Juices: q Bile: Functions of the Digestive System: q Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination. q Digestion occurs in the digestive tract which includes: 1. Mouth: Mastication occurs and enzymes produced by salivary glands starts digesting carbohydrates. 2. Esophagus: 10 in. long and extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

Food moves down the esophagus by the peristalsis. The sphincter, a circular muscle at the entrance of the stomach opens and closes to allow food to enter the stomach. 3. Stomach: Holds about 1 qt of food for 3-4 hours and controls the rate at which it enters the small intestine. It also produces Chyme and Gastric Juices.

4. Small Intestine: 20 ft (6 m) long, 1 in (2.5 cm) in diameter. Consist of 3 parts the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Intestinal juice, secretions from the liver and pancreas complete chemical breakdown. 5. Large Intestine (Colon): 2.5 in (6 cm) in diameter and 5-6 ft (1.5-1.8 m) long.

The main function of the large intestine is the elimination of waste and the absorption of water. The water is absorbed into the bloodstream Other Organs that aid Digestion The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are essential for the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. 1. Liver: the largest gland in the body q Weighs about 3.5 lbs. q Dark reddish brown color Over 500 functions Produces bile Converts sugar glucose to glycogen and stores it Maintains level of glucose in the blood Changes harmful to less harmful toxins Stores vitamin A, D, E, K, B 12, and Iron 2. Gallbladder: Small sac about 3-4 in. (7-10 cm) long Stores bile until food moves from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine.

3. Pancreas: a gland of the digestive and endocrine system. q Produces insulin Produces 3 digestive enzymes: 1. trypsin: digest protein 2. amylase: digest carbohydrates 3. lipase: digest fat sq These enzymes are released into the small intestines through ducts. Lesson 2: Problems and care of the Digestive Systems Terms: q Indigestion: q Hiatal hernia: q Gallstones: q Peptic ulcers: q Gastritis: q Appendicitis: q Hepatitis: Common Functional Problems: q Halitosis: (bad breath), can result from disorders of the teeth and gums caused from poor oral health care. q Indigestion: occurs when your body doesn't properly breakdown foods. This can be caused by eating too much, eating too fast, or by indulging in an excess of alcohol. q Heartburn: occurs when acid content from the stomach backs up into the esophagus.

If a person has hiatal hernia they may experience heartburn. q Gas: a certain amount of gas in the stomach or intestine is normal but some foods can cause an excess of gas. q Nausea and Vomiting: this can be caused by motion, pathogens, medicines, drugs, and other substances in the stomach. Nausea precedes vomiting. Vomiting is reverse peristalsis. q Diarrhea: condition in which feces are watery and are expelled frequently. This can be caused by a change in diet, food poisoning, overeating, emotional turmoil, and nutritional deficiencies. It can also be caused by viral and bacterial infections.

This can cause dehydration. q Constipation: a condition in which feces become dry and hard and bowel movements become difficult. It can be caused by a lack of fiber, erratic eating habits, not drinking enough water, lack of exercise and constant use of laxatives. Common Structural Problems: q Gallstones: small crystals formed from bile that can block the bile duct between the gallbladder and the duodenum. q Ulcers: an open sore on the skin or in the mucous membrane. the can develop in the stomach or duodenum and can be treated by reducing the acid intake or by taking medicine. q Gastritis: an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach. This can occur from the presence of irritant foods, alcohol, or bacteria and viruses. q Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix, which is a 3-4 in extension at one end of the large intestine. As the result of a bacteria or foreign matter that gets lodged in it the appendix becomes swollen and fills with pus. q Hepatitis: an inflammation of the liver which occurs from a viral infection. 1.

Hepatitis A: transmitted by direct contact 2. Hepatitis B: virus enter into the bloodstream, transmitted sexually and through blood transfusions, dental instruments and medicines. q Tooth Decay: weakens the teeth and affects chewing. This can be prevented by brushing, flossing, and regular dental checkups. q Crohn's Disease: chronic disease of the digestive tract. When the mucous lining becomes inflamed absorption of food into the small intestine is affected. q Hemorrhoids: swelling of the veins in the lower rectum and anus area. Care of the Digestive System Practice good eating Eat a variety of food sq Eat regularly Don't eat too fast Drink plenty of water Lesson 3: The Urinary System Terms: q Kidneys Ureters q Bladder Urethra Nephrons Urine HeodialysisFuntions of the Urinary System: q Blood flows through the kidneys which filter out extra salts, water, and nitrogenous waste. q Liquid waste are temporarily stored in the bladder Structure of the Urinary System: q Kidneys 1.2 kidneys on either side of the spine. 2. nephrons are functional units of the kidney. 3. filter every drop of your blood once an hour. 4. filtrate is the fluid that flows through the filtering part of your kidney. 40-50 gallons of filtrate is processed each day.

5... 5 gallon is expelled as urine. q The Bladder and Urethra 1. bladder is a muscular organ that stores urine 2. the sphincter muscle is voluntary 3. the urethra leads from your bladder to the outside of your body. Problems of the Urinary System: q The inability to control your bladder Cystitis which is a bacterial infection of the bladder. Characterized by blood in urine. q Nephritis occur when nephrons become inflamed. q Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra. Urination becomes painful and difficult. q When kidneys are unable to rid the body of waste. (uremia) q Kidney stones are stones formed by mineral salts that passes out the urine. q Kidney failure may cause a blockage of urine or a loss of blood. q Three technique can be used for kidney failure: 1. Hemodialysis: is when a person is connected to an artificial kidney machine which will filter the blood.

2. Peritoneal dialysis: a process that uses the peritoneum to filter blood and remove waste. 3. Kidney transplant: a person gets a kidney from a donor.

Care of the Urinary System: q Drink plenty of water A nutritionally balanced diet Regular checkups.