Son Of The English King Charles example essay topic

study guide for European History or Global Studies 1. Petrarch. - Called the "Father of all Humanism". Revered Roman Cicero above all others. Followed Cicero's example of eloquence and put emphasis upon language such as Latin and Greek. 2.

Medici. - Wealthy banking family controlling Florence. Had much influence in government and influenced The Signoria, the ruling council in Florence. Created a lasting dynasty with children who had power. 3.

Nepotism. - Keeping Position in the Church within the family. 4. Peace of Augsburg. - Ended forty years of religous struggle in Germany. Through the treaty the emperor of Germany allowed the country to establish the religion of there people.

Protestant princes would govern Protestant states, Catholic princes Catholic states. 5. Bill of rights. - The English constitutional settlement of 1689, confirming the deposition of James II and the accession of William and Mary, guaranteeing the Protestant succession, and laying down the principles of parliamentary supremacy. 6. Edict of Nantes.

- An edict of 1598 signed by Henry IV of France granting toleration to Protestants and ending the French Wars of Religion. It was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685.7. Boccaccio. - Giovanni Boccaccio (1313 75), Italian writer, poet, and humanist. He is most famous for the Decameron (1348 58), a collection of a hundred tales told by ten young people who have moved to the country to escape the Black Death. 8.

Patronage. - Support given by members of Rennaisance Society. Founding and recognizing the arts. 9. Jesuits.

- A member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by S Ignatius Loyola, St Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education. 10. Thomas More.

- More, Thomas (1478-1535). One of the most respected figures in English history, Thomas More was a statesman, scholar, and author. He was noted for his wit and also for his devotion to his religion. More was executed as a traitor for his refusal to acknowledge King Henry V's supremacy over the church.

The story of More's life and death became familiar to many through Robert Bolt's play, 'A Man for All Seasons', first performed in 1960. Utopia-greek word meaning", no place " Plato wrote this constitution tackling the ultimate problem of politics", How should the state be ordered " His answer was an image of a just society, created by a philosopher-king and ruled by hand- picked body guards. His ideal state resembles the greek polis in size. Sir Thomas Moore created a second Utopia, it was a convincing social satire. his vision at a carefully planned and permanently contended society.

Frederick the Great-roller of Prussia after father (Frederick I) Frederick the Great had a great love music, against his father's will, he secretly collected any books he could find on the subject. When he became king, his love of music came out in the open and he began to entertain many people. Frederick's military prowess earned him his title, "the Great". He also forged an alliance w / the Prussian nobility, interigation the minto a unified state. A tightly organized control adminstration, which depended upon the cooperation of the local nobility directed both military and bureaucratic affairs. At the center, Frederick worked tirelessly to oversee his government.

Frederick declared, "I am the state."I am the 1st servant of the state". He codified the laws of Prussia, abolished torture and capital punishment, and instituted agricultural techniques imported from the states of western Europe. By the end of Frederick's reign, Prussia had become a model for bureaucratic organization, military reform, and enlightened rule. Primogeniture-inheritance by eldest son Adam Smith-he was a Scottish political theorist whose work", The Wealth of Nations", was the 1st great work of economic analysis in European history.

Smith had wide-ranging interests and wrote with equal authority about manufacturing, population, and trade. He was the 1st to develop the doctrine of free trade, which he called "laissez-faire". Smith argued that the government that governed least governed best, and he was an early critic of protective tariffs and monopolies. Francis Bacon-leading supporter of scientific research in England. He proposed a scientific method through inductive empirical experimantaion.

He believed that experiments should be carefully recorded so that results were both reliable and repeatable. he advocated the open world of the scientist over the secret world of the magician. In his numerous writings, he stressed the practical impact of scientific duscivery and even wrote a utopian work in which science appeared as the savior of humanity. Although he was not himself a scientific investigator, Bacon used his considerable influence to support scientific projects in England. Versailles-the greatest palace of the greatest king of the greatest state in 17th century Europe. It was a reflection of Louis XIV and of France. Van Eyck-not found Michelangelo-Renaissance painter and sculptor; was responsible for such great works as the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and "David", a sculpture.

Shakespeare-famous play writer of the medieval period; his works included "Macbeth" and "Hamlet". Providing entertainment for all and expressed his views through his plays of certain situations. Johann Tetzel-he sold indulgences which inspired Martin Luther's 95 theses. Tetzel answered with 122 of his own but was rebuked and disowned by the Catholics.

95 Thesis - These were posted by Martin Luther, professor of theology at Wittenberg University, on the castle church attacking the sale of indulgences. Anglican - the official Protestant Christian religion of the English state Humanism - Renaissance intellectualism and celebration of the human as an individual Galileo Galilei - Italian astronomer; most famous scientist of the European new scientific revolution; credited for telescope and heliocentrism (Sun is central, Earth around Sun) for which he was placed under house arrest by Church for most of his life Huguenots - followers of Calvinism in Western Europe Laissez-faire - "self-govern", the theory of John Locke that people should govern themselves and hold the sovereignty Voltaire - French intellectual; wrote Philosophical Letters Concerning the English Nation after visiting England for two years in which he explains the greatness of religious tolerance as practiced in England, the theory for which he is known Charles I - This ruler of Spain was also Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; as a Holy Roman Emperor, he made peace with Protestants unlike with Spain Protestant - Religion based on the original (now known as Catholic) principles but changed to form new Christian religion (Protest-ant) The Prince - Machiavelli wrote this explaining how "men must either be pampered or crushed"; most important and con traversal writing of Renaissance; begins science of politics Luther: -entered Augustinian monastery and ordained priest in 1507 -received doctorate and appointed to theology faculty in 1512 -opposed the sale of indulgences -wrote doctrine of salvation by faith (sola-fid a) -wrote 95 Thesis (things wrong with Catholic Church) -excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521 -his religion, Lutheranism challenged Catholic Church Balance of Power: distribution of power in which no single nation is able to dominate. Kepler: -German astronomer and natural philosopher -noted for verifying the three laws of planetary motion (known as Keplers Laws) -published Cosmo graphic Mystery in 1596 -Also published Epitome of Copernican Astronomy (book of Keplers discoveries) Henry IV: -King of England (1399-1413) -Leader of party that opposed King Richard II -was exiled for six years by King Richard II because of arguement with Thomas Mowbray -raised army, invaded England and captured Richard -elected king by parliament -Scot tryed attaching English but were defeated Fronde: -series of revolts against french monarchy between 1648-1653 -Louis XIV was king -parliament and citizens were against the kings heavy taxation policies Montesquieu: -french writer and jurist -wrote Persian Letters -it satirized contemporary french politics, social conditions and ecclesiastical matters and literature -book was very popular and one of enlightenment earliest works William and Mary: -William revived the Grand Alliance and initiated a massive land war against France and Spain -Mary restored cat holism in England Heliocentric: -astronomical theory that the sun is the center of the solar system -first postulated by polish astronomer Nicolas Copernic as Index: -catalog of forbidden books -published by Roman Catholic Church -if u were to read, sell or transmit any literature w / out permission u would be excommunicated I couldn't find the word "raison d' etat" John Calvin-Founder of Calvinism which is a religion that was independant of the state, self governing, and therefore was able to flourish in time of crisis. Calvinism emphasized the beliefs of predestination. Devine Right Theory-Theory that a King has the right to rule as stated to him by God. Isaac Newton-Greatest of all english scientists, mathematician.

Studied physics and astronomy. Discovered Gravity Sun King-Louis XIV, Richelou's successor and Che if Administrator 30 Yrs. War-War lasting 30 years, involving the Bohemian stage, Danish stage, Swedish phase, and the Frech and Swedish phase. The war ended with the Peace of Westphalia. John Locke-Theorist of the Revolution of 1688, Developed contract theory of Gov't, Designed to maintain person's natural rights of life, liberty, and property James II-King of England, Attempted to use his power of appointment to foil constraints that Parliament imposed upon him. Geocentric Theory-The Earth is the center of the Universe and everything revolves around it.

Counter Reformation-Rebut taking place after reformation, Aggressive Catholic response that was determined to meet Protestantism head on and repel it. Militant Church 1. Rabelais: I have no idea... couldn't find em and I don't have any idea what he or it has to do with. 2. Indulgences: (Page 393) A portion of the treasury of good works performed by the righteous Christians throughout the ages; granted to those who desired to atone for their sins. Major factor in the reformation.

Most of Luther's 95 Theses attacked the church and the sale of such Indulgences. 3. Philosophes: (Page 578) (No direct definition) "A monster in society who feels under no obligation towards it manners and morals, its proprieties, its politics, or it's religion. One may expect anything from men of their ilk". Philosophes saw law (concepts), and applied the laws to people - natural rights.

They believed that nature was not in dispute. 4. Peace of Lodi: (Page 344) (1454-Italian Renaissance) The Five powers (Naples, the Papal States, Florence, Milan, and Venice) established the peace. It created 2 balanced alliances: Florence and Milan, Venice and Naples.

The pledged mutual nonaggression. The Peace lasted 40 years. 5. Leviathan: (Page 504) Thomas Hobbes greatest work. In the literature, Hobbes argues that before civil society had been formed, humans lived in a savage state of nature.

No morality or law. People then came together to form government for one purpose: self-preservation. Hobbes believed that without government, they were determined to live a life that was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". 6. Renaissance: (begins on page 322) (1350-1550) Literally: Rebirth. An era of rapid transitions.

Had three distinct phases: 1: (1350-1400) Declining population, uncovering of classical texts and experimentation in a variety of art 2: (1400-1500) Cultural valves and artistic and literary achievements. City states were able to form government, slow end to warfare. 3: (1500-1550) The spreading of ideas throughout Europe. 7. Machiavelli: (Page 337) Founder of the "Science of Politics". Famous for his controversial work The Prince.

This book was to serve as a handbook for anyone who wanted to establish a lasting government. It attempts to set down principles and examples on how to maintain power. The book was very important as well as very controversial during the Renaissance. 8. Hume, David: (Page 581) Scottish Athirst who wrote A treatise of Human Nature and An enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Argued that nothing could be proved to exist with any certainty; only perceptions existed.

If their was no certainty, then the revealed truths of Christian religion could have no basis. Therefore, no G-d. 9. Puritans: (Page 499,502) Led by Oliver Cromwell after the beheading of Charles I. Believe ded in a large measure of religious toleration for Christians. 10. Mercantilism: (Page 534) A set of assumptions about economic activity that were commonly held throughout Europe and that guided the policies of almost every govermnent.

2 interrelated ideas: One: wealth of a nation resided in its stock of precious metal Two: Ecomonmic activity was a zero-sum game. There was a fixed mount of money, number of commodities and amount of consumption. What one country gained, another lost. salons French visiting areas or inns where many Enlightenment thinkers spread there Ideas of change to the common man. salvation by faith this is an idea that Martin Luther thought of; that you don't go to heaven because you were good, but you go to heaven because of the amount of faith that you have to god. nationalism the idea of loving your country or having extreme pride in one's country. copernicus a polish scientist who thought of the idea of heliocentrism... the sun in the center of the universe. louis 14 called the Sun King. Was the High Point in French Absolutism. Created the palace Versailles, and started spending a lot of money which later led to the French Revolution. hobbes was an English philosopher who thought that revolution was not justified unless the government was not protecting the people from any physical danger. he did not believe in private property like Locke did. glorious revolution was the "revolution" (it wasn't a war, not shots were fired, just a term given to a period) which replaced James II and the Stuart Monarchy with William and Mary. Glorious Revolution also brought about the English Bill of Rights. charles 2 was the son of the English King Charles I who was beheaded.

Charles II took the throne after the Cromwellian Revolution. council of trent was the Catholic Council which tried to make reforms to the Catholic Church after the reformation. the courtier was an informant to the King. usually of France. Some examples are Mazarin, and Riche lu. In Praise of Folly-a satirical book written by Erasmus (below), information came from conversations with Thomas More, praised the foolish comments and declared wise comments to be wrong Erasmus-first worked on Latin translations but then realized the importance of recovering Greek texts so he dedicated his time to translating Greek texts. Most of his books were 'how-to books'. Expanded Christianity to people lower in the social order Simony-the buying or selling of church offices Enlightenment-a period of time when people started to question traditions, customs, and standards and started relying on logic and reason, some main people of the time were: Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rene Descartes, Locke, Hobbes Inquisition- couldn't find this one Richelieu-advisor of Louis XIV's main advisor, taught Louis to rule as an absolute monarch more or less the leader of France because Louis was so young, he just told him what to do, led France through many years of war, raised taxes, but made France very powerful Castiglione-Italian author of The Courtier (an etiquette book telling how to become and 'ideal state servant' Secularism-not relating to the church (religion) Descartes-French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, shared many of the same opinions and mathematical proofs as Galileo, invented analytic geometry, made contributions to the science of optics and physics Oliver Cromwell- the most important leader of the English Revolution, one of the principal commanders of the rebel army that defeated the forces of King Charles I, he played a leading role in the king's subsequent trial and execution named himself Lord Protector, his primary concerns were to provide a stable government and to give toleration to all the Puritan sects Florence- An Italian city, which was based upon the foundations of money and wool. The Medici family, wealthiest family in Florence, often ruled Florence.

Florence was the center of Renaissance culture, and the wealthiest cities, until the plague occurred. Balance of trade- the difference in value between imports and exports, said to be favorable to a county when exports are greater. Treaty of Versailles- Peace treaty between the Allies and Germany in 1919. It put limitations on the German army, and the land run and owned by Germany. The harsh punishments set upon Germany were not strong enough to prevent them from striking again 20 years later. Treaty of Westphalia- Treaty ending the thirty years war in 1648.

Series of agreements that established the outlines of political geography of Europe. Gutenberg (1400-68) - German printer who was the first to print with movable type. Printed the Bible, was first book printed with movable type in Mainz Germany. The City Of God- written by Augustine, it was a defense of Christianity from the charge that the disaster resulted from Rome abandoning its traditional gods. Became a inquiry into the nature of human society.

Rousseau- A French philosopher and social reformer who published several books, especially The Social Contract. He was part of the Enlightenment. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) - Spanish ecclesiastic; founder of the Society of Jesus. Loyola's society became Jesuits who were soldiers of God. James I- succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I, he was not a lovable monarch but he was generous.

He was not liked cause he succeeded a legend and he was Scottish. Was King of England and Ireland from 1603-1625. - need help for this one Cervantes- Spanish novelist. (1547-1616) Florence- An Italian city, which was based upon the foundations of money and wool. Was King of England and Ireland from 1603-1625. secularism the idea that there is a separation of Church and of nature. The movement away the church and more toward science and technology for ideas on man and nature. Descartes French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, transferred European Ideas from that of the Medieval Ages to those of more modern characteristics.

Oliver Crumble was the English Lord Protector during the Cromwellian Revolution between the reigns of Charles I and Charles II. He set up a Protestant Commonwealth, which the people of England objected to. His reign did not last long, and soon the people forced the government to change back to the Absolute Monarchy. Black Death- time between 1347 and 1352 when 1/2 to 1/3 of Europe's population died from a combination of bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic plague-the disease was carried by fleas who bit into infected rats and came to Italy from Asia on a merchant vessel. Natural Rights- rights that every human is entitled to such as the right to breath Catherine the Great- ruled from 1762-1796-her policies were complex and were influenced by the French ideas of social justice and nobility of the human race but were also influenced by the traditional Russian ideals of an absolute rule-the most important event of her reign was the establishment of a legislative commission to review the laws of Russia The Social Contract- one of the most important works of social theory and was written by enlightenment philosophe, Rousseau Diderot- editor of "The Encyclopedia", which was one of the greatest achievements of the time-it attempted to summarize all acquired knowledge know at the time Vesalius- a great palace in France for King Louis XIV- palace had huge gardens, fountains and life size statues da Vinci- one of the famous painters of the Renaissance whose achievements also included scientific and technical endeavors-his most famous paintings were "The Last Supper" and "The Mona Lisa"Eternal City"- i need help with this one Peter Breugel- a painter form Belgium who painted themes of country landscape and peasant life Habsburg- allies of the Luxenbourgs and begun as a minor comitia l family in the region of the Black forest-they aquired territory from the east and when Rudolf I of Habsburg was elected emperor he was later dismissed as "poor" Spanish Armada- comprised of over 130 ships, pride of the Spanish Armada and Portuguese navies. These ships were bigger and stronger than anything owned by the English.

However, the English ships were faster and more manuevarable. With these advantages, the English prevented the Spanish from reaching the ports in the Netherlands and destroying individual ships. Hohenzollern- name of a European dynasty whose ruling line became electors of Brandenburg, Kings of Prussia, and emperors of Germany. Deist- believed in the existence of God on rational grounds only. Believed that nature conformed to its own materialistic laws and operated without divine intervention. The opposed the ritual forms of both Catholic and Protestant worship and the role of the Church in education.

Low Countries - region in northwest Europe lying on the coast of the North Sea between France and Germany. Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Albrecht Durer- German artist; marveled at the subtle ingenuity of the men in those distant lands after viewing a display of Aztec art. Physiocrats- group of French thinkers; thought that land was wealth and argued that agricultural activity should take first priority in state reforms. They also came to believe that the gov t should cease to intervene with private economic activity. Laissez faire, laissez passer.

(Let it be, Let it go.) Encyclopedia- edited by Diderot, 35 volumes; attempted to summarize all acquired knowledge and to dispose of all imposed superstitions. Candide- written by Voltaire; philosophical novel that recounts the adventures and misfortunes of Candide, and satirizing optimism by his tutor Pang loss Alexander the Great- King of Macedonia; conquered Persian empire and annexed it into Macedonia; conquered almost all the then known world and gave new direction to history. Enlightened despot- a king that believes in the ideas of the Enlightenment The Divine Comedy- written by Dante; view of the whole Christian universe; Dante's personal summary of all that is good and bad in medieval culture and politics.