Stages Three And Four Of Lymphoma example essay topic

Lymphomas are cancers of the lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues which make up the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system produces lymphocytes, cells that help the body fight diseases. One type of lymphoma is Hodgkins disease, which along with at least 10 other types of lymphoma cause around 50,000 lymphoma cases globally every year. This accounts for about 5% of the worlds cancer cases. The exact cause of lymphoma is still unknown, but some speculate that lymphomas could be hereditary, or that they are caused by viruses. Human T-Cell lymphoma and Burkitts lymphoma seem to be strongly tied to the presence of viruses in the human body, Burkitts being shown to occur more frequently in patients with the mononucleosis-causing Eps tien-Barr virus in their bodies.

Occurrences of lymphoma are shown to be twice as frequent in males than in females, and non-Hodgkins lymphoma appears to increase in frequency with age. Lymphomas associated with Hodgkins disease is extremely rare in children under the age of two, occurring most frequently in white males in their mid-thirties and -fifties. Symptoms of lymphoma include the swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck and groin, weight loss, severe itching all over the body, fatigue, and the Pel-Epstein fever pattern, characterized by high fevers in the evenings. The swelling of the affected lymph nodes is caused by the nodes producing excess lymphocytes, and histiocytes. In the case of Hodgkins disease, unique and unusually large cells called Reed-Sternberg cells are produced, which are easy to spot for their large, prominent nuclei. These cells are not produced under normal circumstances and thus they make Hodgkins disease easy to identify and diagnose.

Before treatment of lymphomas can begin, the cancer must be staged, have its severity assessed. The appropriate treatment for a patients lymphoma is determined by the severity of the tumor. Stage one lymphoma usually affect only one or two lymph nodes in one area. If the lymphoma is identified and treated at this stage with local radiotherapy, the patient has a 90% chance of being symptom-free after five years.

Stage two lymphomas affect more glands than in stage one, over a larger area, requiring more generalized irradiation. Treatment after this stage will usually give the patient a 60% of being symptom-free after five years. Stages three and four of lymphoma are characterized by an enlarged spleen, and the spread of the cancer to tissues outside the lymph system, respectively. Both stages are treated with chemo- and radiotherapy, and a patient wit stage three has a 40% chance of being symptom-free after 5 years, while a stage four patient has only a 20-40% chance.

Treatment using anti-cancer drugs usually involves a combination of two or more drugs that enhance each others qualities. One well-known combination of this type is called the M OPP protocol, consisting of doses of mechlorethamine, on covin, procarbazine, and prednisone. Another combination is the A BVD protocol, consisting of doses of adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine. The subject of cancers of the lymph system relates to biology in that our class had just completed a study of mitosis and meiosis, the processes by which cells divide. Cancer is caused by one stage or another in this division malfunctioning, resulting in the uncontrolled division of cells. By researching this type of cancer, not only have I gained knowledge of cancers in general, but have learned about the lymph system and, of course, lymphoma.

I have exercised my researching and note taking skills, and am now ready to tackle a new research project.

Bibliography

Hodgkins Disease Diseases, 1993 ed.
Malignant Lymphomas Diseases, 1993 ed.
Hodgkins Disease. Marshall Cavendish Encyclopedia of Family Health, 1993 ed.
Lymphoma. Hodgkins Disease. The New Good Housekeeping Health and Medical Guide, 1989 ed.