Swimming 1 10 example essay topic

1. Resuscitation is the preservation or restoration of life by the establishment and maintenance of airway, breathing and circulation, and related emergency care. These techniques include checking for dangers, assessment of the level of consciousness, opening and maintaining the airway, artificial ventilation of the lungs and external cardiac compression. 2.

Resuscitation might be needed in the following circumstances: - Drowning Heart Attack Stroke Electric Shock Car accident Head Injury Drug Overdose Epilepsy Envenomation 3. Respiratory failure is when a person's breathing becomes insufficient or totally stops. This leads to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain and the tissues 4. A common cause of respiratory failure is an obstructed or blocked airway which prevents air from reaching the lungs. This might be caused by the tongue falling backwards and blocking the pharynx in an unconscious person. Other causes may be: o A reduced amt. of oxygen in the inhaled air. o A foreign body in the throat. o Injury to the throat, ribs, chest muscles or lungs. o Interference with the uptake of oxygen in the lungs and its circulation in the blood. o A drug overdose. o Electric Shock. o Envenomation.

5. Cardio respiratory Arrest is a disease in the coronary arteries (artery that supplies the heart muscles with oxygen. ). It leads to stoppage of breathing and circulation of O 2.6. The initials CPR stand for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. 7.

The following action is needed while checking the following: D Danger: Any hazard mustn't be ignored. They must be removed from the casualty, bystanders and ourselves. Eg: dangerous fumes or electric wiring. R Response: Level of consciousness of the casualty must be assessed.

Eg: calling out the person's name. A Airway: Opening, clearing, and maintaining the casualty airway. B Breathing: check for breathing and if necessary apply Expired Air Resuscitation (EAR). C Circulation: Check for pulse and if necessary apply Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC). 8. While calling the ambulance the following information must be prepared: A. Location of the emergency. B. Telephone number from where the call is being made. C. Detailed accounts of what happened. D. The number of people needing help. E. Condition and extent of the casualties. F. The first aid being given at the moment. G. Answers to any other questions asked.

9. A person mustn't hang up the phone unless instructed by the operator as they might not get the entire information about the casualty and other details. 10. The initials EAR stand for Expired Air Resuscitation.

11. EAR is when a person gives his exhaled air to someone in order to revive him / her it includes the following: I. mouth to mouth EAR. II. mouth to nose EAR.. mouth to mask EAR. IV. mouth to mouth and nose EAR.V. mouth to stoma EAR.

On the other hand CPR is just the basic formalities that are undertaken before giving EAR. It includes checking for: I. danger.. airway V. circulation II. response IV. breathing 12. EAR application ratio for adults: 1 breathes every 4 seconds = 15 breaths per minute. EAR ratio for children: 1 breathe every 3 seconds = 20 breaths ever minute EAR ratio for infants 1 puff every 3 seconds = 20 puffs every minute. 13.

While giving mouth to mouth resuscitation, if there is any problem in sealing the casualty's nostrils with the cheek, they can also be sealed with the fingers of the hand maintaining the head tilt. 14. During EAR the pulse should be checked 1 minute after the commencement of the EAR and then once every 2 minutes. 15. Mouth to nose resuscitation can be used: If it is the Rescuer's preference. For resuscitation in deep water. (using a buoyant aid).

When the jaw is clenched. By a child on an adult. Any case in which mouth to mouth resuscitation can't be used. 16. Certain people due to previous surgeries (in which there larynx has been removed) breathe through an opening stoma in the trachea (in the neck). Therefore resuscitation given through the stoma is known as mouth to stoma resuscitation.

17. Mouth to mask resuscitation is useful when the person has been vomiting or when there is any fear of cross- infection. 18. For EAR on children smaller volumes of air must be blown. 19. the airway of an infant is difficult to keep open. During EAR the head of an infant mustn't be tilted backwards because this narrows or obstructs the airway.

20. An airway can become blocked due to some foreign material. The person might also get choked thus resulting in the blocking of the airway. The tongue might also come in the airway and block it. 21.

Lateral Chest Thrust is the pressure applied over the chest wall close to the armpits. This delivers a more sustained pressure to a blocked air passage. 22. Lateral Chests Thrusts must be used when the normal EAR procedure doesn't work.

23. Vomiting is an active process during which muscular action causes the stomach to throw out its contents. 24. Regurgitation is the passive flow of the contents of the stomach to the mouth and the nose. 25.

If a casualty begins to vomit / regurgitate during EAR: Turn the casualty onto the side. Clear the mouth. Check breathing again. Continue EAR if necessary.

PS: At times vomiting may be a sign of recovery. 26. The Three Aqua Codes are: - Go together (in groups) Stay afloat and Wave (lie on your back and relax while waving for help) Reach for rescue (if someone is in trouble reach out with a stick or rope) 27. Waves are caused by wind or by any disturbance (a person jumping into the pool). 28.

There are two types of currents. They are: - A. Tidal currents: - these currents are caused by the rise and fall of the tide. They do not always flow into and out from the shore but may also flow at an angle to the shore. This occurs at the entrance to bays, inlets and river mouths. B. Runback currents: - they are caused by the backwash of waves and are usually strongest where the beach is steep. Inshore or side currents are produced by waves breaking over a sandbank or by waves breaking at an angle to the beach or both. 29.

Rips are fast flowing runback currents which are very dangerous for swimmers in the sea. After the waves break onto the beach, the water flows out in the direction of least resistance. This is known as a rip. They can be dangerous as they have a sucking motion and cause drowning and even quicksands. 30. There are four ways of recognizing a RIP: - 1.

Discoloured water, brown in colour due to sand stirred off the bottom. 2. Foam on the surface which extends beyond the breaking waves. 3.

A ripple appearance when the water around is generally calm. 4. Debris floating with the current. 5. Waves breaking larger and further out on both sides of the rip. 31.

While swimming at the beach certain rules have to be followed for safety: - 1. We must swim between the red and yellow flags as this is the safest part of the beach and is patrolled by lifeguards. 2. We must never swim alone - go with another person. 3. We must watch on a reference point on the beach so that we don't drift too far away from the selected swimming area.

4. We must across the current as swimming against it can be exhausting. 32. Different entries positions can be used to enter a pool: - A. Slide in: - this entry can be used when the depth of water and the state of the bottom are unknown. B. Step in: - this can be used when the water is clear, the depth is unknown and the bottom is free from obstacles. It is most appropriate for areas where the entry point is not much higher than the water level. C. Compact jump: - this entry can be used to jump into unknown deep water. It must be done from a height. D. Standing dive: - can be done when the water is clear and is deeper than the diver's height. E. Shallow dive: - it can used when a greater distance across the water must be covered.

This might be done to save time. F. Stride in: - this can be done when the rescuer needs to watch the person in difficulty and the entry is to made from a lower height into known deep water. It is not used when shallow water or when unknown conditions such as injury to the swimmer may occur. 33. Swimming underwater has two main advantages: A person can be saved from flames on the water by swimming underwater. A person can avoid any debris by swimming underwater. 34.

There are many disadvantages of swimming deeply underwater: As the pressure of water increases with depth, a person swimming deeply underwater will suffer from headaches. If a person swimming deeply underwater needs to surface to breath in again the distance that he would need to cover would be quite high By swimming deeply underwater vision would get worse as it would get darker. 34. The main steps in a rescue are: - 1. Awareness 2.

Assessment 3. Action 4. After Care 35. Potential emergencies require immediate action. Examples are: - A person has slipped on a riverbank and has fallen into the water. A swimmer is making little or no headway in trying to return to safety.

Someone on an airbed has been caught in a current and is drifting seawards or downstream. A poor swimmer is chasing a ball or any other floating object into deep water. 36. There are four categories of swimmers who need attention when placed in water. These people may behave in a different way. CATEGORY CHARACTERISTICS WHEN PLACED IN WATER NON- SWIMMER May not use arms and legs for support.

The person is vertical in water and may not necessarily be facing the shoreline. His only concern is breathing. He may submerge for increasing periods of time. He sends seldom waves or calls for help. He will show signs of panic and his wide- eyed. WEAK SWIMMER He may use his arms and legs for support.

He is at an angle to the surface and is normally facing the shoreline. His head may submerge periodically. He may be able to expel any water that enters his mouth. He might wave and call for help. The expression on his face and eyes show different levels of anxiety. INJURED PERSON (SWIMMER OR NON - SWIMMER) He might be in an awkward position in the water caused by grasping of the injured area.

He might be able to stay afloat. He might make attempts to signal for help depending on the degree of the injury. He might be panicking and crying out in pain. A UNCONSCIOUS PERSON He might be at any point between the bottom and the surface and can be either faced up or down. He is completely limp in the water. He will show no attempts to draw attention.

He won't show any facial expression. 37. There are 5 rescue techniques apart from TOWING. 1.

REACH: - this method can be used when the person in difficulty is near the edge or when a weak or non- swimmer has to rescue someone. This method can be executed in the following ways: - 1. Lie down with your chest on the ground. 2.

Anchor firmly using an assistant or by grasping a firm object like a post. 3. Reach out with an aid and instruct the person to hold it. 4.

Haul the person steadily to safety. 5. If in danger of being pulled in, let go and try again when secure. 2.

THROW: - this method can be used when the person is to far away to use a REACH rescue. The buoyant aid is thrown to provide the person with support until removal from the danger area. Method: - 1. Reassure the person in difficulty. 2.

Choose a suitable aid, preferably a one that can be grasped. 3. Tell the person that something is being thrown and how to use it. 4. Stand well clear of the edge and throw the aid underarm or overarm, depending on the type of aid and the distance to the person. 5.

Attempt to land the aid within arm's reach of the person. 6. Instruct the person to hold the aid to the chest and to kick to the edge. 7. Assist the person out of the water. 3.

WADE: - this can be used when attempts to reach and throw have been unsuccessful. It can be used to bring a person closer to the person so that a REACH and THROW rescue may be attempted. Method: - 1. Locate a suitable reaching or throwing aid. 3. Enter shallow water safely, and take an aid to test the depth of water if possible.

4. Wade by sliding the feet carefully across the bottom, and test the depth if possible. Test the bottom for firmness and obstacles before moving forwards. 5.

Reach with the aid when the person is close enough. 6. When the person has grasped the aid, return to safety, and avoid contact until safety is reached. 7. If you are in danger - let go. (Self preservation) 4.

ROW: - it is used when it is not possible to perform REACH, THROW or WADE rescues. The rescuer remains clear of the water and the person in difficulty can be made secure more safely and quickly. Method: - 1. From a small craft, proceed directly to the person in difficulty. 2. Guide the craft handler if necessary.

3. Make a decision regarding the best contact point for the person. The craft should be in on the downward side but in windy conditions a lone rescuer may choose a position beside the person on the side of the wind and perform a reach rescue. 4. Use low - risk live saving techniques wherever possible. 5.

Attempt to throw a buoyant aid to the person or f unsuccessful a reach rescue may be performed. 6. Provide reassurance and instruct the person to move to the stern of the craft. 7.

Give expired air resuscitation if required, over the stern or over the side of the craft. 8. Instruct the person to come aboard at the stern. 9. Move the stern to assist if possible, or to the bow to the bow to provide stability to a small or light craft.

10. Keep your own weight and that of the rescued as low a possible. 11. Row to safety. 6.

SWIMMING: - it can be used when all land based rescues have either failed or have not been used properly or when the person is out of reach or unconscious. Method: - 1. Swim to the person in a defensive manner d offer your leg for support. 2. Then swim back to the edge, climb out fasten the person to the edge. 38.

In a rescue with multiple victims I would rescue the unconscious person first. I would do this as the unconscious person doesn't have any idea of what's going on. He might sink to the bottom and might also swallow large amounts of water. He won't be able to show any signs for help and won't be able to even paddle his legs to stay afloat.

Although this person is close to the edge it might be tough to use a REACH (If he is underwater), THROW or WADE (If underwater, duckdiving may be required) rescue. The other victims could stop themselves from drinking water and could also paddle there feet to stay afloat. They will also be able to follow any instruction that we give them. 39. During a REACH rescue the leg or the arm can be used to give support. Other aids can be a rigid object such as a stick, branch or a paddle.

A non- rigid object such as a towel, cloth or rope could also be used. 40. SELF - PRESERVATION is the consideration that a rescuer must have for himself while taking part in a rescue. He must not be put into any danger while performing the rescue.

(He life mustn't be threatened). The safest rescues are those in which the rescuer never gets wet. The rescue operations in it's order of safety are: - 1. REACH 2. THROW 3. WADE 4.

ROW 5. SWIM 6. SWIMMING 1.10. 11.13. 14.15.

By a child on an adult. 16.17. 18.20. 21.22. 23.24. 25.

Clear the mouth. Check breathing again. 26.28. 29. This is known as a rip. 30.31.

32.33. 34.34. Awareness 2. Assessment 3. Action 4. After Care 35.36.

37. Method: - 1. Method: - 1. Method: - 1.10. 11.

Row to safety. 6. Method: - 1.38. 39.40. REACH 2. THROW 3.

WADE 4. ROW 5. SWIM 6. SWIMMING 1.10. 11.13. 14.15.

By a child on an adult. 16.17. 18.20. 21.22. 23.24. 25.

Clear the mouth. Check breathing again. 26.28. 29.

This is known as a rip. 30.31. 32.33. 34.34. Awareness 2.

Assessment 3. Action 4. After Care 35.36. 37. Method: - 1. Method: - 1.

Method: - 1.10. 11. Row to safety. 6. Method: - 1.38. 39.40.

REACH 2. THROW 3. WADE 4. ROW 5. SWIM 6. SWIMMING 1.10.

11.13. 14.15. By a child on an adult. 16.17. 18.20. 21.22.

23.24. 25. Clear the mouth. Check breathing again. 26.28. 29.

This is known as a rip. 30.31. 32.33. 34.34. Awareness 2.

Assessment 3. Action 4. After Care 35.36. 37. Method: - 1. Method: - 1.

Method: - 1. The craft should be in on the downward side but in windy conditions a lone rescuer may choose a position beside the person.