Toner Off The Drum O The example essay topic

Report and Bibliography Email Electronic-mail or Email is the process of sending messages electronically using your computer. You can send messages when it is convenient for you - even at 2 am. Your recipient responds at his convenience. Email can be sent anywhere in the world using your computer and a modem. Email is almost instant in its delivery and it is very cheap to use especially for international messages, costing only the price of the telephone connection to the Internet Service Provider. You may send many messages at one time or just one to a designated location.

Messages can be sent internally on a local area network that might cover a building or an organisation like Northern Institute. For example in this Institute people on all 6 campuses can at no cost exchange email over the computer network that joins all the campuses. By using email you will be able to electronically send messages or memos receive and read messages reply to messages forward messages send the same message to a list of people with one stroke attach a text file such as a report to your email message save mail to a file and print the message Internet Whilst email is associated with the Internet you do not necessarily have to have an Internet connection to be able to send and receive email. For example many organisations have email facilities within their own local area networks, but do not have Internet links. However usually email is part of your Internet connection and it is one of the most used Internet facilities. Email Address In order to receive or send email you need to have an email address and you need to know the address of the person to whom you wish to send a message.

Addresses are made up in a standard way using the following elements: User identification e.g. Joel your name or a name you wish to choose. It is usual to have part of your own name to make it easily identifiable the @ or at symbol to locate the person the domain name of the computer receiving your mail e.g. g cit for Gold Coast Institute of Tafe the type of organisation e.g. edu for an educational institution or gov for government and finally au to locate the address in Australia the final address will look like this: How Email Works An electronic mailing system works in much the same way that the postal service we are used to operates. Australia Post uses mail boxes, post offices and letters in envelopes with addresses on them, trucks, letter boxes and lots of people. With email you will complete the same sort of operation sitting at your computer. You will compose the message on your computer using your email package, (there are many packages available and we will direct you to individual tutorials on these later). You will address your message by using simple commands from your email screen.

At the receiving end your message will be received by a mail server which is a computer set aside for this function. The mail server acts like a post office for the person receiving the mail, the message is held there ready for delivery. But instead of the Postie taking it to the house or business location of that person, he or she will collect it the next time they turn on the computer and look at their mail box to see if there are any new messages. Memos Memos have one purpose in life: as the authors of Business Writing Strategies and Samples put it, 'Memos solve problems. ' Memos solve problems either by informing the reader about new information, like policy changes, price increases, etc., or by persuading the reader to take an action, such as attend a meeting, use less paper, or change a current production procedure. Regardless of the specific goal, memos are most effective when they connect the purpose of the writer with the interests and needs of the reader.

This handout will help you solve you memo-writing problems by discussing what a memo is, presenting some options for organizing memos, describing a the parts of memos, and suggesting some hints that will make your memos more effective. What Is a Memo? When you think of a memo, what do you think of? Is it a little piece of paper with a cute letterhead that says something like:' From the desk of... ' or 'Don't forget... ' or 'Reminders... ' The message itself may be very simple -- something like:' Buy more paper clips' or 'Meet with President at 2: 30' or 'Mom, we " re out of fudge pops. ' While these memos are informative or persuasive, and may serve their simple purposes, more complex memos are often needed in an office setting.

But don't let that worry you. Even though business memos may be more formal and complicated, the intention in writing one is still the same. You want to achieve your purpose with your reader effectively. This handout will show you how.

Basic Memo Plans Standard office memos can be approached in different ways to fit your purpose. Here are three basic plans: 1. The direct plan, which is the most common, starts out by stating the most important points first and then moves to supporting details. This plan is useful for routine information and for relaying news.

2. The indirect plan makes an appeal or spews out evidence first and arrives at a conclusion based on these facts. This plan is best used when you need to arouse your reader's interest before describing some action that you want taken. 3. A combination approach can be used for the balanced plan. This plan is particularly useful when relaying bad news, as it combines information and persuasion.

Letters Letters are a very formal part of communication. By writing down details to another person you are confirming and making details official. Details of a well written letter are as follows: The Heading. This contains the return address (usually two or three lines) with the date on the last line. Sometimes it may be necessary to include a line after the address and before the date for a phone number, fax number, E-mail address, or something similar. Often a line is skipped between the address and date.

That should always be done if the heading is next to the left margin. It is not necessary to type the return address if you are using stationery with the return address already imprinted. Always include the date. 2. The Inside Address. This is the address you are sending your letter to.

Make it as complete as possible. Include titles and names if you know them. This is always on the left margin. If an 8 1/2 ' x 11' paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9' business envelope, the inside address can appear through the window in the envelope. An inside address also helps the recipient route the letter properly and can help should the envelope be damaged and the address become unreadable.

Skip a line after the heading before the inside address. Skip another line after the inside address before the greeting. 3. The Greeting.

Also called the salutation. The greeting in a business letter is always formal. It normally begins with the word 'Dear' and always includes the person's last name. It normally has a title.

Use a first name only if the title is unclear -- for example, you are writing to someone named 'Leslie,' but do not know whether the person is male or female. For more on the form of titles, see Titles with Names. The greeting in a business letter always ends in a colon. (You know you are in trouble if you get a letter from a boyfriend or girlfriend and the greeting ends in a colon -- it is not going to be friendly.) 4. The Body. The body is written as text.

A business letter is never hand written. Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regardless of format, skip a line between paragraphs. Skip a line between the greeting and the body. Skip a line between the body and the close.

5. The Complimentary Close. This short, polite closing ends with a comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge is in the center, depending on the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the heading does. The block style is becoming more widely used because there is no indenting to bother with in the whole letter.

6. The Signature Line. Skip two lines (unless you have unusually wide or narrow lines) and type out the name to be signed. This customarily includes a middle initial, but does not have to. Women may indicate how they wish to be addressed by placing Miss, Mrs., Ms. or similar title in parentheses before their name. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropriate.

The term 'By direction' in the second line means that a superior is authorizing the signer. The signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line in the space between the close and the signature line. Use blue or black ink. PrintersA printer is a device to take information from the computer and put it on paper. There are many different types of printer. The printer reads information from the computer and programs it so it can place it on the paper.

Four main types of printers that have been most efficient throughout the past are character printers, dot matrix printers, ink jet printers and laser printersA character printer prints one character at a time as the print head moves across the page. A dot matrix printer is an impact printer which has a vertical row of small pins in its print head. As the head moves across the page the correct pins are pushed forward to form the shape of the letter required. An ink jet printer is a no-impact character printer. Very fine ink jets are directed at the paper. Advantages of ink jet printers 1.

They are quiet. 2. Good quality output is produced. 3. There is little extra cost for colour printing. Disadvantages of ink jet print ers 1.

A good quality paper is needed or the ink spreads. 2. The ink can be smudged. A laser printer is a non-impact page printer. In the laser printer output is produced on a light-sensitive drum. The laser is a very narrow beam of light.

It is directed very rapidly over the drum, being switched on and off. Ink particles are fused on to the paper wherever the laser beam hits the drum. Advantages of laser printers 1. They are quiet. 2. Excellent print quality it produced.

Expensive models are very fast but cheaper models are slow. The printer takes time to organise each page - repeats of the same page are very fast. 2. They are expensive to buy and run. Photocopiers If we didn't have photocopies we would have to resort to making carbon copies of important documents, as many people did before copiers came along.

Or worse, imagine how tedious it would be if you had to recopy everything by hand. Most of us don't think about what's going on inside a copier while we wait for copies to shoot neatly out into the paper tray, but it's pretty amazing to think that, in mere seconds, you can produce an exact replica of what's on a sheet of paper. The human-end of making a copy begins with a few basic steps: o Open the copier lid o Place the document to be photocopied face-down on the glass o Select the options you want (number of pages, enlargements, lighter / darker ) o Press the Start button What happens inside the copier at this point is amazing! At its heart, a copier works because of one basic physical principle: opposite charges attract. As a kid, you probably played with static electricity and balloons.

On a dry winter day, you can rub a balloon on your sweater and create enough static electricity in the balloon to create a noticeable force. For example, a balloon charged with static electricity will attract small bits of paper or particles of sugar very easily. A copier uses a similar process. o Inside a copier there is a special drum. The drum acts a lot like a balloon -- you can charge it with a form of static electricity. o Inside the copier there is also a very fine black powder known as toner. The drum, charged with static electricity, can attract the toner particles.

There are three things about the drum and the toner that let a copier perform its job: o The drum can be selectively charged, so that only parts of it attract toner. In a copier, you make an 'image' -- in static electricity -- on the surface of the drum. Where the original sheet of paper is black, you create static electricity on the drum. Where it is white you do not. What you want is for the white areas of the original sheet of paper to NOT attract toner. The way this selectivity is accomplished in a copier is with light -- this is why it's called a photocopier! o Somehow the toner has to get onto the drum and then onto a sheet of paper.

The drum selectively attracts toner. Then the sheet of paper gets charged with static electricity and it pulls the toner off the drum. o The toner is heat sensitive, so the loose toner particles are attached (fused) to the paper with heat as soon as they come off the drum. The drum, or belt, is made out of photo conductive material. Here are the actual steps involved in making a photocopy: o The surface of the drum is charged. o An intense beam of light moves across the paper that you have placed on the copier's glass surface. Light is reflected from white areas of the paper and strikes the drum below. o Wherever a photon of light hits, electrons are emitted from the photo conductive atoms in the drum and neutralize the positive charges above. Dark areas on the original (such as pictures or text) do not reflect light onto the drum, leaving regions of positive charges on the drum's surface. o Negatively charged, dry, black pigment called toner is then spread over the surface of the drum, and the pigment particles adhere to the positive charges that remain. o A positively charged sheet of paper then passes over the surface of the drum, attracting the beads of toner away from it. o The paper is then heated and pressed to fuse the image formed by the toner to the paper's surface.

Keyboard On most computers the keyboard is the primary text input device. (The mouse is also a primary input device but lacks the ability to easily transmit textual information.) The keyboard also contains certain standard function keys, such as the Escape key, tab and cursor movement keys, shift and control keys, and sometimes other manufacturer-customized keys. The computer keyboard uses the same key arrangement as the mechanical and electronic typewriter keyboards that preceded the computer. The standard arrangement of alphabetic keys is known as the Qwerty keyboard, its name deriving from the arrangement of the five keys at the upper left of the three rows of alphabetic keys.

This arrangement, invented for one of the earliest mechanical typewriters, dates back to the 1870's. Another well-known key arrangement is the Dvorak system, which was designed to be easier to learn and use. The Dvorak keyboard was designed with the most common consonants on one side of the middle or home row and the vowels on the other side so that typing tends to alternate key strokes back and forth between hands. Although the Dvorak keyboard has never been widely used, it has adherents. Because many keyboard users develop a cumulative trauma disorder, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, a number of ergonomic keyboards have been developed.

Approaches include keyboards contoured to alleviate stress and foot-driven pedals for certain keys or keyboard functions. Monitors A computer display is a marvelous thing. An unassuming dark gray surface can suddenly transform into an artist's canvas, an engineer's gauges, a writer's page or your very own window to both the real world and a huge range of artificial worlds! Because we use them daily, many of us have a lot of questions about our displays and may not even realize it. What does 'aspect ratio' mean? What is dot pitch?

How much power does a display use? What is the difference between CRT and LCD? What does 'refresh rate' mean? Often referred to as a monitor when packaged in a separate case, the display is the most-used output device on a computer.

The display provides instant feedback by showing you text and graphic images as you work or play. Most desktop displays use a cathode ray tube (CRT), while portable computing devices such as laptops incorporate liquid crystal display (LCD), light-emitting diode (LED), gas plasma or other image projection technology. Because of their slimmer design and smaller energy consumption, monitors using LCD technologies are beginning to replace the venerable CRT on many desktops. When purchasing a display, you have a number of decisions to make. These decisions affect how well your display will perform for you, how much it will cost and how much information you will be able to view with it.

Your decisions include: o Display technology - Currently, the choices are mainly between CRT and LCD technologies. o Cable technology - VGA and DVI are the two most common. o Viewable area (usually measured diagonally) o Aspect ratio and orientation (landscape or portrait) o Maximum resolution o Dot pitch o Refresh rate o Color depth o Amount of power consumption In the following sections we will talk about each of these areas so that you can completely understand how your monitor works! Digital Camera The digital camera is one of the most remarkable instances of this shift because it is so truly different from its predecessor. Conventional cameras depend entirely on chemical and mechanical processes -- you don't even need electricity to operate one. All digital cameras have a built-in computer, and all of them record images in an entirely electronic form. The new approach has proved monstrously successful.

It may be decades before digital cameras completely replace film cameras, if they ever do, but they will probably account for around half of the U.S. market within the next few years. In this article, we " ll find out exactly what's going on inside these amazing digital-age devices. Let's say you want to take a picture and e-mail it to a friend. To do this, you need the image to be represented in the language that computers recognize -- bits and bytes. Essentially, a digital image is just a long string of 1's and 0's that represent all the tiny colored dots -- or pixels -- that collectively make up the image. (For information on sampling and digital representations of data, see this explanation of the digitization of sound waves.

Digitizing light waves works in a similar way.) If you want to get a picture into this form, you have two options: o You can take a photograph using a conventional film camera, process the film chemically, print it onto photographic paper and then use a digital scanner to sample the print (record the pattern of light as a series of pixel values). You can directly sample the original light that bounces off your subject, immediately breaking that light pattern down into a series of pixel values -- in other words, you can use a digital camera. At its most basic level, this is all there is to a digital camera. Just like a conventional camera, it has a series of lenses that focus light to create an image of a scene. But instead of focusing this light onto a piece of film, it focuses it onto a semiconductor device that records light electronically.

A computer then breaks this electronic information down into digital data. Bibliography web.