V Verbal Communication example essay topic

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 COMMUNICATION The word! yen communication! | comes from the Latin word, ! SS communis!" . It means sharing of ideas, facts, opinions and information. According to Brown, it is defined as a process of transmitting ideas or thoughts from one person to another for the purpose of creating understanding in the thinking of the person receiving information. Model of Communication: Encoding: Decoding: Types of Communication: There are 2 types of communication: One Way Communication Two Way Communication 1.

The flow of information is in one direction only 2. It is a traditional pattern 3. It is autocratic 4. Most effective during an emergency 5. The receiver is passive 6. It does not have scope for clarification or feed back 7.

It discourages curiosity 8. It is simple and effective most of the time 9. It helps develop listening skills 10. It is likely to be perceived as negative 11. It can prove to be exhausting and uninteresting 12. It is quicker in time i.e. transmission of the message 13.

The message may not generate any modification in the receivers behavior due to lack of involvement 14. The communicator tries to influence the behavior of the audience 15. e.g. teacher in class / speech /announcement The flow of information is in two directions It is a relatively modern concept It is always perceived as democratic Most effective when trying to take different opinions or ideas The receiver is active It allows both clarification and feedback It encourages curiosity It is complex and delays execution of instructions It helps develop both communication and / or listening skills It is likely to be perceived as positive It is interesting It is time consuming It ensures involvement and motivation to change through participation The communicator and the audience try to influence each other e.g. debate / conference /group discussion Forms of Communication: 1. Verbal Communication: The message is encoded and transmitted using language. Language is a system of symbols that possess meaning by common consent. A symbol is defined as! yen something that stands for anything but it self! |.

Language has two aspects: a. Syntax! V Grammar or rules of language b. Semantics! V meaning This could be literal meaning or it could be influenced by culture. Verbal communication includes oral and written work.

It is greatly influenced by vocabulary, tone of one's voice, speed and style of the communication. Advantages: i. Exchange between the receiver and listener is possible. ii. It is the only form that is effective during an emergency.. It is personal and motivating Disadvantages: i. There is no documentary proof. ii.

Words can be misinterpreted.. Language can confound its meaning. 2. Non! V Verbal Communication: 80% of all the communication is non-verbal. There are 5 important aspects of non-verbal communication: a.

Proxemics: It is space of distance that is used while communicating a message between two or more individuals. According to Halt Edward, human relationships can be described in terms of four kinds of distances: i. Public: more than 12 feet. ii. Social: 4 to 12 feet.. Personal: 1.5 to 4 feet. iv. Intimate: 10 to 18 inches. b.

Chronemics: It is the use of time and timing in communication. It could relate to the speed of talking and the impact of what is said at any given time. c. Kinesis: It is body language. It is the most researched aspect of non-verbal communication. It has several aspects: i. Facial expressions!

V It reveals our basic emotions. According to Ekman, these expressions can be identified even by an untrained observer across different cultures of the world. He states that we can recognize anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and happiness very easily. There are 3 basic rules that influence facial expressions. "^3 Intensifying! V it needs to convey the appearance of a more intense emotion than what is actually felt.

It is an exaggerated expression. "^3 Neutralizing! V it means withholding how one really feels, that is a blank expression "^3 Masking! V it involves covering up one's true feelings via different emotions. ii. Eyes! V They are significant in communication.

They are the most expressive part of the face. They provide several cues. It reveals attitudes, feeling of friendship, intimacy and love. It is likely to communicate honesty, interest and confidence and openness. Individuals who avoid eye contacts are perceived as shy, timid, unfriendly, dishonest or closed. Excessive eye contact can be perceived positively or negatively depending on the person and the context.

It would be classified as a gaze or staring.. Head movement! V Nodding indicates a! yen yes! | or a! yen no! |. However excessive nodding indicates inattentiveness or a need for assurance. iv. Gestures!

V These are emblems with specific meanings in any given culture. For e.g. a clenched fist is an indication of determination or anger. vs. Gait! V It is how a person walks. It changes with age. It creates a lasting impression. It communicates authority, power and attitude towards life and people. vi.

Postures! V It is a way an individual holds himself / herself. It conveys several personality traits. For e.g. an upright posture indicates alertness and interest.

A relaxed posture indicates comfort, disrespect and disinterest. vii. Touch! V It is an important non-verbal cue. However, it is not well defined. The difference between touch and abuse is very little.

It is influenced by context, person involved, nature of contact, age, gender and cultural norms. d. Para language: It includes qualities like pitch, tone, qualities related to voice. Individuals who are soft spoken and peculiar are pleasant, calm and organized. Individuals who speak loudly are perceived as aggressive, excited and confident. Individuals who speak very slowly are perceived as patient, sensitive, relaxed and confident. e. Artifacts: This is a relatively new concept.

Little research has been done. It refers to the study of object language. Advantages of Non! V Verbal Communication: i. It improves self-presentation. ii. It generates and sustains interest..

It motivates receivers to participate and listen. iv. It helps to detect discrepancies. vs. It helps to establish rapport easily. vi. It is likely to put the audience or receiver at ease. vii. It provides valuable information. vs. It creates lasting impressions. ix. It is powerful and intense. x. There is very little scope for manipulation. xi.

It does not generate noise. xii. One is likely to get accurate in interpretations. x. It can be used when the individual cannot speak or understand a specific language. Communication Network: (refer to text, short notes for exams) Barriers to communication: BARRIERS P E R S O N A L P H Y S I C A L S E M A N T I C Types of Barriers: 1. Language Barrier: it includes the following: a.

Inadequate knowledge leads to poor presentation b. Speech defect e.g. stammering c. The use of technical jargon d. Language may lend itself to various interpretations (meanings are confounded with age or culture) e. Inappropriate stress on tone, pronunciation, accent and vocabulary may lead to faulty communication f. Repetition results in lack of attention, disinterest and gaps in communication 2.

Physical or Mechanical Barriers: it includes: a. Noise! V Noise is the greatest impediment to effective communication. It disrupts communication, distorts what the sender communicates. Most often information is lost. b. Time and place!

V distance. c. Faulty instruments! V these interrupt communication. 3. Psychological Barriers: These are also known as personal barriers. It includes: a.

Perception b. Attitudes c. Prejudice d. Stereotypes (Refer to text) How to communicate effectively: This includes 2 basic skills called: a.

How to listen: Listening is considered to be the art of communication. Many problems arise because of ineffective listening. Some of the guidelines to listening are: i. Attend physically. ii. Maintain eye contact.. Avoid distraction. iv.

Avoid self-talk (mind speaking). vs. Communicate interest and understanding. vi. Avoid judgement. vii. Help the other person to be at ease. vs. Listen through non-verbal cues. ix. Avoid losing of temper or get emotionally involved. x. Avoid interpretation, analysis, clarification or question until the speaker has finished. b.

How to speak so others can listen: i. A positive pleasant approach. ii. Proper selection of a medium.. Appropriate modulation of words. iv. Appropriate speed of transmitting message. vs. Clarity of objectives. vi. Clarity of thoughts and expression. vii.

Try to be receiver-centered. vs. Appropriate repetition. ix. Being precise, accurate and systematic. x. Being simple. xi. Eliminate noise and distr actors. xii. Respond to feedback. x.

Try to be consistent. xiv. Use humour where applicable. xv. Communicate enthusiasm and interest. xvi. Become aware of your verbal and non-verbal behavior. xvii.

Maintain mutual respect and courtesy. Exercise Questions: 1. Define communication. 2. Explain the process of communication with an illustration.

3. Distinguish between one way and two way communication. 4. Write a short note on non-verbal communication. 5. Outline the guidelines for listening.

6. Briefly describe the communication network. 7. Discuss the barriers to communication and explain needs to communicate effectively. st. xavier's college, mumbai..