Two Chromosomes And Four Chromatids example essay topic

Meiosis is a specialized form of nuclear division in which there two successive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and II) without any chromosome replication between them. Each division can be divided into 4 phases similar to those of mitosis (pro-, meta-, ana- and telophase). Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes in animals. Meiosis is a special type of cell division that occurs during formation of sperm and egg cells and gives them the correct number of chromosomes.

Since a sperm and egg unite during fertilization, each must have only half the number of chromosomes other body cells have. Otherwise, the fertilized cell would have too many. Inside the cells that produce sperm and eggs, chromosomes become paired. While they are pressed together, the chromosomes may break, and each may swap a portion of its genetic material for the matching portion from its mate. This form of recombination is called crossing-over. When the chromosomes glue themselves back together and separate, each has picked up new genetic material from the other.

The constellation of physical characteristics it determines is now different than before crossing-over. In Meiosis 1, chromosomes in a diploid cell resegregate, producing four haploid daughter cells. It is this step in Meiosis that generates genetic diversity. Meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis. However, there is no 'S' phase. The chromatids of each chromosome are no longer identical because of recombination.

Meiosis II separates the chromatids producing two daughter cells each with 23 chromosomes (haploid), and each chromosome has only one chromatid. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses. The paired chromosomes are called bivalent's, and the formation of chiasma ta caused by genetic recombination becomes apparent. The bivalent has two chromosomes and four chromatids, with one chromosome coming from each parent.

In pro metaphase I, the nuclear membrane disappears. One forms per chromosome, and the chromosomes attached to spindle fibers begin to move. In metaphase I, bivalent's, each composed of two chromosomes, align at the metaphase plate. The orientation is random, with either parental homologue on a side. This means that there is a 50-50 chance for the daughter cells to get either the mother's or father's homologue for each chromosome. In anaphase I, chiasma ta separate.

Chromosomes, each with two chromatids, move to separate poles. Each of the daughter cells is now haploid (23 chromosomes), but each chromosome has two chromatids. In telophase I, nuclear envelopes may reform, or the cell may quickly start meiosis 2. In Cytokinesis, two complete daughter cells form.